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[NOTE: the 17th printing due in 1999 will contain, inter alia, the following changes (click here to learn more)]
Galveston College Library CITING ONLINE SOURCES MLA STYLE:
Abbreviations Used in Legal Citations
Brandeis guide to Legal Research:
Citing Electronic Sources by Samford University
Pitsco's Launch to Citing WWW Addresses links to many citations guides
(for instance in different disciplines).
A Brief Citation Guide for Internet Sources in History and the Humanities
by Melvin E. Page.
"Internet World" has a very interesting article on how to cite to internet sources. The
format comes from a source called "Beyond the MLA Handbook: Documenting
Electronic Sources on the Internet."
There is also "Guide for Citing Electronic Information" at
which is a summary of X. Li and N. Crane's book "Electronic Style: A Guide for Citing
Electronic Information."
Land, T. [a.k.a Beads] (1996, March 31). Web Extension to American
Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS) (Rev. 1.2.4) [WWW document].
THE INTERNET
Guidelines for doing electronic legal research -
http://www.gc.edu/library/Citation/mla-internet.htm#legal
http://www.lib.lehigh.edu/guides/leglcite.html
http://www.brandeis.edu/departments/legal_studies/research/
Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications
http://www.lib.memphis.edu/gpo/citeweb.htm
Case Names Citators by Shepard's
http://www.shepards.com/ccentral/tutorial/casename.htm
http://davisweb.samford.edu/citation.htm
EXAMPLES: Style of Citation for Internet Sources
APA and MLA
APA Style Individual Works (Single spaced)
Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Pritzker, T.J. (No date). An Early fragment from central Nepal [Online]. Available: http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html [1995, June 8].
APA Style Journal Articles
Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue), paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable: Site/Path/File [Access date].
Inada, K. (1995). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics [Online], 2,9 paragraphs. Available: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html [1995, June 21].
APA Style Magazine Articles
Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title [Type of medium], volume (if given), paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Viviano, F. (1995, May/June). The new Mafia order. Mother Jones Magazine [Online], 72 paragraphs. Available: http://www.mojones.com/MOTHER-JONES/MJ95/viviano.html [1995, July 17].
APA Style Discussion List
Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address/Get [Access date].
Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@american.edu/Get cinema-1 log9504A [1995, August 1]. Author for this citation is unknown.
Internet APA Site
Xia, L. (1996, July 27). Electronic Sources: APA Style of Citation, [Online]. Available: http://www.uvm.edu/~xil/reference/apa.html [1998, April 18].
Brown, K. (1997, December 26). APA Style Guide, [Online]. Available: http://www.med.usf.edu/~km brown/apa.html [1998, April 18].
MLA Style Book (Citations are double spaced)
Nesbit, E[dith]. Ballads and Lyrics of Socialism. London, 1908. Victorian Women Writers Project.
Ed. Perry Willett. Apr. 1997. Indiana U. 26 Apr. 1997 http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/nesbit/ballsoc.html.
MLA Style Personal Site
Lancashire, Ian. Home page. 1 May 1997
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca:8080/~ian/index..html.
MLA Style Article
"Fresco." Britannica Online. Vers. 97.1.1. Mar. 1997. Encyclopedia
Britannica. 29 Mar. 1997 http://www.eb.com:180.
Interne MLA Site
MLA Style. The Modern Language Association of America. 1998
http://www.mal.org/main_stl.htm.
Blue Book & Texas Rules of Form
Blue Book 16th edition Rule 17.3.3 (p. 124) Internet Sources
"Citation to Internet sources is discouraged unless the materials are unavailable in printed form or are difficult to obtain in their original form. When citing to materials found on the Internet, provide the name of the author (if any), the title or top-level heading of the material being cited, and the Uniform Resource Locator (URL)…. For electronic journals and publications, the actual date of publication should be given. Otherwise, provide the most recent modification date of the source preceded by the term "last modified" or the date of access preceded by the term 'visited' if the modification date is unavailable."
Blue Book Websites (Single spaced)
Mark Israel, The alt.usage.english FAQ File (last modified Nov. 17, 1995) ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/alt.usage/english/alt.usage.englisy_FAQ.
Scott Adams, The Dilbert Zone (visited Jan. 20, 1996) http://www.unitedmedia.com/comics/dilbert.
Blue Book Electronic Journals
Dan L. Burk, Trademarks Along the Infobahn: A First Look at the Emerging Law of Cybermarks, 1 Rich. J.L. & Tech. 1, ¶ 12 (Apr. 10, 1995) http://www.urich.edu/~jolt/vlil/burk.html.
Texas Rules of Form 9th edition (Single spaced)
Chapter 21-Internet Resources (pp. 72-72).
"Citation to Internet resources can often be very helpful, not only in the case of information that is exclusively available on the Internet, but for very recent or otherwise hard-to-find resources as well. However, when a published 'hard copy' source is available, it is still the preferred source for citation purposes. When citing Internet resources, analogize to the citation forms for the published source. Provide the URL in angled brackets. For an electronic journal or publication, give the exact date of publication. Otherwise, cite to the most recent revision of the source. If a publication date or revision date is not available, note the date of access to the resource."
Texas Rules of Form
Texas Regulation
Tex. Reg. (Jan. 10, 1997) (emerg. Rule 4 Tex. Admin. Code § 20.22) (adopted Jan. 1, 1997, expired Jan. 16, 1997) (Tex. Dep't Agric., Stalk Destruction Requirements) http://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/sos/ EMERGENCY/agriculture.html#6.
Texas Rules of Form Electronic Journal or Publication
Texas State Publications Depository Program: Publications, Indexes, and Accessibility, GIPcy: Gov't Info. Pathfinder in Cyberspace (July 9, 1995) http://www.law.uh.edu/publications/GIPcy/gipcy9.html.
Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal (vol. 16, no. 1, 1995, pages 191-209) contains a "New Media Citation Guide," for many types of electronic information.
Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane, Electronic Style: A Handbook for Citing Electronic Information, PN 171.F56 L5 1996 at Reserve.
Harvard Law Review
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. 16th ed.
Ref KF 245 U53 1996 *
Ciampi
The Citation Workbook: How to Beat the Citation Blues
Ref KF 245 C53 1993
Good
Citing & Typing the Law: A Guide to Legal Citation and Style
(Based on The Bluebook). 3d ed.
KF 245 G66 1992 *
Looney
Essentials of Legal Citation
KF 245 L66 1992
Maier
How to Prepare a Legal Citation.
Ref KF 245 M34 1986
Posner
Goodbye to the Bluebook
Appendix: University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation
KF 245 P64 1986*
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation (aka "The
Maroon Book").
KF 245 U544 1989*
Dworsky
User's Guide to A Uniform System of Citation: The
Cure for the Bluebook Blues, rev. for 16th edition.
Ref & KF 245 D85 1996*
Law Reporting Bureau
Official New York Law Reports Style Manual.
Ref
KFN 5075 N49 1992
St. John's L. Rev
New York Rules of Citation
Ref KFN 5074.5 N48 1978
U.S. Dept. of Justice Tax Division
Citation and Style Manual.
Law Documents J 1.8/2:C49/3
Va. Tax Review
TaxCite: A Federal Tax Citation and Reference Manual
Ref KF 241 T38 T39 1995
STATE LEGAL CITATION SYSTEMS:
CITATION AUTHORITY EXPECTED TO BE USED IN THE HIGHEST APPELLATE STATE COURTS
(Based on a 1985 survey of the highest
appellate courts of each state. Revised
by the author in March 1991)
ALABAMA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
ALASKA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
ARIZONA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
ARKANSAS SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
CALIFORNIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Formichi, Robert E.
California style manual: a handbook of legal style for
California courts and lawyers / by Robert E. Formichi.
3rd ed. Sacramento : Supreme Court of Calif.? ; North
Highlands, CA : For sale by Dept. of General Services,
Publications Section, c1986.
This manual is written by the Reporter of Decisions of the
California State Supreme Court, and is issued under approval
of the State Supreme Court as a handbook of legal style for
California courts and lawyers.
COLORADO SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
Uniform Citation Forms. approved for use in Colorado Supreme
Court opinions 5/3/84 (amended 5/17/84) 2p. Lists deviations
from the Harvard Bluebook for Colorado materials.
CONNECTICUT SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
In-house style sheet which closely parallels, but does not
follow in all instances, the Harvard Bluebook.
DELAWARE SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Counsel only
"[C]itations will be deemed to be in acceptable form if made in
accordance with the 'Uniform System of Citation' ...."
Delaware Supreme Court Rule, 14(g).
This rule deviates from the Bluebook form in requiring that
citations to state reporters should not be made where a
National Reporter Citation exists.
Judges only
No citations to state reporters should be made where a National
Reporter citation exists. Examples of unreported Delaware
opinions and orders.
Delaware Supreme Court Rule, 93(c).
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Citation Guidance Memorandum. revised December 1982, effective
January 1, 1983. 6p.
"Unless in conflict with anything in this memorandum, follow
'A Uniform System of Citation' ...."
Citation Guidance Memorandum, sec. 1.
FLORIDA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure, 9.800, gives examples of
citations to Florida material, and to federal court reports.
"All other citations shall be in the form prescribed by A
Uniform System of Citations ...."
Fla. R. App. P., 9.800(m).
Additional citation authority
Florida Style Manual, 19 Fl. St. U.L. Rev. 525 (1991).
GEORGIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Counsel only
"Any enumerated error which is not supported by arguments or
citation of authority in the brief shall be deemed abandoned.
All citations of authority must be full and complete."
Georgia Supreme Court Rules, 45.
Additional citation authority
Leah F. Chanin, Reference Guide to Georgia Legal History and
Legal Research. Appendix V. Citation Forms. Charlottesville,
Va.: Michie, 1980. (with 1983 supplement).
HAWAII SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
Hawaii Rules of Appellate Procedure, 28(b)(1), requires that
the Table of Authorities in briefs, contain citations to "both
the official and the national reporter system."
IDAHO SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Judges only
Internal Rules of the Idaho Supreme Court, Rule 14(e), which
gives variations from the Bluebook for Idaho materials, also says:
"If not covered by rule or statute, citations shall be in
conformity with the current edition of 'A Uniform System of
Citation' ...."
ILLINOIS SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Illinois Supreme Court Rule, 341(d), prescribes pinpoint,
official reporter, textbook and statute citations.
Judges only
Style Manual for Illinois and Appellate Courts. Bloomington:
Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts, 1981. 52p.
INDIANA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Indiana Rules of Appellate Procedure, 8.2(B)
"It is recommened that when briefs contain references to
scholarly treatises, law journals, statutes, etc.,
citations should follow the form prescribed by the current
edition of the Harvard Citator."
Ind. R. App. P., 8.2(B)(2)
IOWA SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Iowa Rules of Appellate Procedure, 14(e), prescribes pinpoint,
official, unpublished opinion, text book and Code citations.
Judges only
Citation System and Format Guidebook. Des Moines, Iowa:
Supreme Court, 1984. 42p.
KANSAS SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
Appellate Reporter's Office Citation Manual
KENTUCKY SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure, 76.12(g) prescribes official
reporter, and Revised Statute citations.
LOUISIANA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Additional citation material
Louisiana Law Review. Citation Form Addendum. Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University, 1983. 12p. (with 1p. amendment,
dated June 27, 1983)
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT
Counsel and judges
Michael D. Seitzinger & Charles K. Leadbetter, Uniform Maine
Citations. Portland: Maine Law Review, 1983. v, 29p.
Harvard Bluebook.
MARYLAND COURT OF APPEALS
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
MASSACHUSETTS SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
MICHIGAN SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Michigan Uniform System of Citations, adopted by the Supreme Court,
October 4, 1971, Administrative Order No. 1971-3, 385 Mich. xxvi.
Additional citation material
Alterman, Plain and Accurate Style in Lawsuit Papers, 2 Cooley
L. Rev. 243 (1984).
John Doyle, Michigan Citation Manual. Buffalo, N.Y.: Wm. S.
Hein, 1986.
Rules of Citation. Proposed Michigan Court Rules, Subchapter
7.500, 402A Mich. 455 (1978).
Florence M. Telling & Marilyn A. Estes, Michigan Uniform System
of Citation. Rev. ed. Detroit: Legal Secretaries Association, 1982.
MINNESOTA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Additional citation material
Citation Manual. St. Paul: Minnesota Supreme Court, 1979.
MISSISSIPPI SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
MISSOURI SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Judges only
Internal memorandum on citation form (9/17/79). 12p. Closely
follows the Harvard Bluebook, but deviates in a few instances.
MONTANA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
NEBRASKA SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Nebraksa Supreme Court Rule, 9C(4) - (6)
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
NEVADA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
NEW HAMPSHIRE SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Supreme Court Rule 16(9), prescribes the form for case
citations.
Judges only
No expectation.
NEW JERSEY SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
Manual of Style. Rev. ed. Trenton, N.J.: Administrative
Office of the Courts, 1979. 15p.
NEW MEXICO SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
"Any consistent method or form which adequately identifies the
cited authority and aids the court may be used."
Crim. App. R. 501(e).
"All New Mexico decision shall be cited from the official
reports, with parallel citations if available. Other decisions
may be cited from either official or unofficial reports, parallel
citations being desired so far as available to the counsel.
Unofficial citations shall always identify the court rendering
the decision."
Civ. App. R. 9(j).
Judges only
Joseph E. Samora, A Comprehensive Manual for the Supreme Court
of New Mexico and the New Mexico Court of Appeals. 2nd ed.
Santa Fe: Supreme Court of New Mexico, 1984.
This manual in turn mandates following the Harvard
Bluebook, with a few minor variations which were suggested
by West Publishing Company.
NEW YORK COURT OF APPEALS
Counsel only
CPLR 5529(e) prescribes the form for case citations.
Judges only
Official New York law reports style manual / prepared by the Law
Reporting Bureau of the State of New York ; compiled and edited by
Frederick A. Muller. -- Rochester, N.Y. : Lawyers Co-operative Pub.
Co., 1987. 59 p. (new edition expected summer 1992).
Additional citation material
New York Rules of Citation. Jamaica, N.Y.: St. John's Law
Review, 1978. 32p.
NORTH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
NORTH DAKOTA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
OHIO SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Manual of the Forms of Citation Used in the Ohio Official
Reports. Columbus: Supreme Court, 1985. 48p.
Additional citation material
Ohio Northern University Law Review. Style Manual. Ada: Ohio
Northern University Law Review, 1979. ix, 80p.
OKLAHOMA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
OREGON SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Harvard Bluebook.
Oregon Rules of Appellate Procedure. Appendix G.
Judges only
Appellate Court Style Manual. Salem: Administrative Office of
the Courts, 1984. 26p.
PENNSYLVANIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual.
Judges only
In-house style sheet.
SOUTH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
SOUTH DAKOTA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook
Judges only
Internal memo follows the Harvard Bluebook but suggests variant
citation forms according to guidelines from West Publishing Company.
TENNESSEE SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, 27(h)
Judges only
No expectation.
Additional citation material
Laska, Tennessee Rules of Citation, 12 Memphis State U.L. Rev.
547 (1982).
TEXAS SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Texas Rules of Form. 7th ed. Austin: Texas Law Review, 1990.
62p.
Additional citation material
Greenhill, Uniform Citations for Briefs, 27 Texas B.J. 323
(1964).
Texas Law Review Manual on Style. 6th ed. Austin: Texas Law
Review, 1990. vii, 79p.
UTAH SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
VERMONT SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
VIRGINIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
WASHINGTON SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Richard F. Jones, Washington Reports Style Manual. 4th ed.
Olympia, WA: Supreme Court, 1982. 37p.
WEST VIRGINIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook
WISCONSIN SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
"The Supreme Court has adopted the citation form in 'A Uniform
System of Citations,' published by the Harvard Law Review, for
all citations in opinions and orders of the Court. The one
exception to this is that citations to Wisconsin Statutes will
continue to be cited sec. 250.70, Stats., rather than the form
prescribed by the uniform system. Attorneys who file briefs or
memoranda with the Supreme Court are requested to follow the
same citation form."
Notice to Members of the Bar, 74 Wis. 2d xxxix (November 4,
1976).
Wisconsin Supreme Court Rule, 80.02 prescribes the form for
citing decisions of the Court of Appeals and Supreme Court
WYOMING SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
by John Doyle.
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citations [The Harvard Bluebook] gets a new edition every three years. In between there are "printings" with changes. The next edition [17th] should be 1999. [Actually, the Bluebook is revised every 5 years, with the new edition due in 2001. The last edition, the 16th edition, first appeared in August 1996. A history of the Bluebook, along with a detailed description of major changes in the 16th edition appears at: 26 Stetson Law Review 53 (1996); volume 6 of the Scribes Journal of Legal Writing also contains an article on the 10 most significant changes in the 16th edition of the Bluebook.] The newest copy [16th edition, Sixth Printing 1998] of the Bluebook has arrived. These are some of the "noteworthy changes" included this latest printing: Rule 1.2 Use of Introductory Signals [see, see also, Cf., etc] - has been modified, and the number has been reduced. Rule 3.3 Pages, Footnotes, Endnotes, and Graphical Materials - been expanded to include citation formats for endnotes and graphical materials. Rule 10.3.1 Parallel Citations - has been modified to require use of an official public domain citation format when available. Rule 10.4 Court and Jurisdiction - The abbreviation for citing the decisions of bankruptcy appllate panels has been modified. Rule 10.5 Date or Year - Now requires an exact date for all unreported cases and for all cases cited to a looseleaf service, a slip opinion, an electronic database, or a newspaper. Rule 10.7 Prior and Subsequent History - No longer requires that denials of cert. or denials of similar discretionary appeals be indicated unless the decision is less than two years old or the denial is particularly relevant. Rule 12.5 Secondary Sources - Updated to provide a special citation format for citing a code contained in an electronic database. Rule 12.8.5 Model Codes, etc. - Expanded to include sentencing guidelines. Rule 13 Legislative Materials - Modified to eliminate the identification of the session number when the session can otherwise be inferred from the remainder of the citation. Rule 13.4 Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints - The format for citing numbered reports and documents has been modified. Rule 15.1 Author, Editor, and Translator - Modified to require the full name as it appears on the publication being cited. Rule 16.1 Same as Rule 15.1, but for periodicals. Rule 17.3.3 Internet Sources - Guidance for citing materials from the Internet. Rule 19 Foreign Materials - Requires that citations conform closely to local citation practice of the jurisdictions whose material in being cited. Table T.2 - Revised and expanded and should be used in conjunction with Rule 19 in determining citation format. Rule 20.8.4 WTO and GATT - New citation format for these organizations. Tables T.1 and T.2 - have been updated and expanded. Table 14 - has been eliminated; Tables 15 to 17 have been renumbered as Tables 14 to 16.
| PURSUE | JUSTICE | VOTE | PEACE | DEFEND | RIGHTS | LEARN | LAW |
Go to the Self Help Legal Clinic
Liberty's Educational Advocacy Forum
1994-2008
Updated Daily by
The OtherOne Computer Consulting International, Ltd.
|