R. J. Tavel: I invite you to electronically publish
"The UnitedStates Is Still A British Colony",
there has been a great interest and it has stirred
a debate on this important issue.
The American Bulletin printed it a couple of years ago.
Thanks, James
THE UNITED STATES
IS STILL A BRITISH COLONY
EXTORTING
TAXES FOR THE CROWN!
A DOCUMENTARY REVIEW
OF CHARTERS AND TREATIES
August 17, 1996
An introduction by the "Informer"
This is the latest from a man who visits me quite often. He
and another man researched my theory that we have never been free
from the British Crown. This disc shows the results. I have
states that we will never win in their courts. This shows
conclusively why. We have the hard copy of the treaties that are
the footnotes. This predates Schroder's material, my research of
the 1861 stats by Lincoln that put us under the War Powers
confiscation acts, and John Nelson's material. All our material
supports that the real Principal, the King of England, still rules
this country through the bankers and why we own no property in
allodium. This is why it is so important to start OUR courts of
God's natural (common) Law and break away from all the crap they
have handed us. This is one reason Virginia had a law to hang all
lawyers but was somehow, by someone, (the King) set aside to let
them operate again. Some good people put in the original 13th
amendment so that without the lawyers the King could not continue
his strangle hold on us. James shows how that was quashed by the
King. I am happy that James' research of six months bears out my
theory, that most people would not listen to me, that we are still
citizen/subjects under the kings of England. My article called
"Reality" published in the American Bulletin and the article of
mine on the "Atocha case," wherein Florida in 1981 used it's
sovereignty under the British crown to try to take away the gold
from the wreck found in Florida waters supports this premise.
James makes mention of the Law dictionaries being England's Law
Dict. you will not is lists the reign of all the Kings of England.
It never mentions the reign of the Presidents of this country.
Ever wonder Why? Get this out to as many people as you can.
The Informer.
The United States is still a British Colony
The trouble with history is, we weren't there when it took
place and it can be changed to fit someones belief and/or
traditions, or it can be taught in the public schools to favor a
political agenda, and withhold many facts. I know you have been
taught that we won the Revolutionary War and defeated the British,
but I can prove to the contrary. I want you to read this paper
with an open mind, and allow yourself to be instructed with the
following verifiable facts. You be the judge and don't let prior
conclusions on your part or incorrect teaching, keep you from the
truth.
I too was always taught in school and in studying our history
books that our freedom came from the Declaration of Independence
and was secured by our winning the Revolutionary War. I'm going to
discuss a few documents that are included at the end of this paper,
in the footnotes. The first document is the first Charter of
Virginia in 1606 (footnote #1). In the first paragraph, the king
of England granted our fore fathers license to settle and colonize
America. The definition for license is as follows.
"In Government Regulation. Authority to do some act or carry
on some trade or business, in its nature lawful but prohibited by
statute, except with the permission of the civil authority or which
would otherwise be unlawful." Bouvier's Law Dictionary, 1914.
Keep in mind those that came to America from England were
British subjects. So you can better understand what I'm going to
tell you, here are the definitions for subject and citizen.
"In monarchical governments, by subject is meant one who owes
permanent allegiance to the monarch." Bouvier's Law Dictionary,
1914.
"Constitutional Law. One that owes allegiance to a sovereign
and is governed by his laws. The natives of Great Britain are
subjects of the British government. Men in free governments are
subjects as well as citizens; as citizens they enjoy rights and
franchises; as subjects they are bound to obey the laws. The term
is little used, in this sense, in countries enjoying a republican
form of government." Swiss Nat. Ins. Co. v. Miller, 267 U.S. 42,
45 S. Ct. 213, 214, 69 L.Ed. 504. Blacks fifth Ed.
I chose to give the definition for subject first, so you could
better understand what definition of citizen is really being used
in American law. Below is the definition of citizen from Roman
law.
"The term citizen was used in Rome to indicate the possession
of private civil rights, including those accruing under the Roman
family and inheritance law and the Roman contract and property law.
All other subjects were peregrines. But in the beginning of the 3d
century the distinction was abolished and all subjects were
citizens; 1 sel. Essays in Anglo-Amer. L. H. 578." Bouvier's Law
Dictionary, 1914.
The king was making a commercial venture when he sent his
subjects to America, and used his money and resources to do so. I
think you would admit the king had a lawful right to receive gain
and prosper from his venture. In the Virginia Charter he declares
his sovereignty over the land and his subjects and in paragraph 9
he declares the amount of gold, silver and copper he is to receive
if any is found by his subjects. There could have just as easily
been none, or his subjects could have been killed by the Indians.
This is why this was a valid right of the king (Jure Coronae, "In
right of the crown," Black's forth Ed.), the king expended his
resources with the risk of total loss.
If you'll notice in paragraph 9 the king declares that all his
heirs and successors were to also receive the same amount of gold,
silver and copper that he claimed with this Charter. The gold that
remained in the colonies was also the kings. He provided the
remainder as a benefit for his subjects, which amounted to further
use of his capital. You will see in this paper that not only is
this valid, but it is still in effect today. If you will read the
rest of the Virginia Charter you will see that the king declared
the right and exercised the power to regulate every aspect of
commerce in his new colony. A license had to be granted for travel
connected with transfer of goods (commerce) right down to the
furniture they sat on. A great deal of the king's declared
property was ceded to America in the Treaty of 1783. I want you to
stay focused on the money and the commerce which was not ceded to
America.
This brings us to the Declaration of Independence. Our
freedom was declared because the king did not fulfill his end of
the covenant between king and subject. The main complaint was
taxation without representation, which was reaffirmed in the early
1606 Charter granted by the king. It was not a revolt over being
subject to the king of England, most wanted the protection and
benefits provided by the king. Because of the kings refusal to
hear their demands and grant relief, separation from England became
the lesser of two evils. The cry of freedom and self determination
became the rallying cry for the colonist. The slogan "Don't Tread
On Me" was the standard borne by the militias.
The Revolutionary War was fought and concluded when Cornwallis
surrendered to Washington at Yorktown. As Americans we have been
taught that we defeated the king and won our freedom. The next
document I will use is the Treaty of 1783, which will totally
contradict our having won the Revolutionary War. (footnote 2).
I want you to notice in the first paragraph that the king
refers to himself as prince of the Holy Roman Empire and of the
United States. You know from this that the United States did not
negotiate this Treaty of peace in a position of strength and
victory, but it is obvious that Benjamin Franklin, John Jay and
John Adams negotiated a Treaty of further granted privileges from
the king of England. Keep this in mind as you study these
documents. You also need to understand the players of those that
negotiated this Treaty. For the Americans it was Benjamin Franklin
Esgr., a great patriot and standard bearer of freedom. Or was he?
His title includes Esquire.
An Esquire in the above usage was a granted rank and Title of
nobility by the king, which is below Knight and above a yeoman,
common man. An Esquire is someone that does not do manual labor as
signified by this status, see the below definitions.
"Esquires by virtue of their offices; as justices of the
peace, and others who bear any office of trust under the
crown....for whosever studieth the laws of the realm, who studieth
in the universities, who professeth the liberal sciences, and who
can live idly, and without manual labor, and will bear the port,
charge, and countenance of a gentleman, he shall be called master,
and shall be taken for a gentleman." Blackstone Commentaries p.
561-562
"Esquire - In English Law. A title of dignity next above
gentleman, and below knight. Also a title of office given to
sheriffs, serjeants, and barristers at law, justices of the peace,
and others." Blacks Law Dictionary fourth ed. p. 641
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and John Jay as you can read in
the Treaty were all Esquires and were the signers of this Treaty
and the only negotiators of the Treaty. The representative of the
king was David Hartley Esqr..
Benjamin Franklin was the main negotiator for the terms of the
Treaty, he spent most of the War traveling between England and
France. The use of Esquire declared his and the others British
subjection and loyalty to the crown.
In the first article of the Treaty most of the kings claims to
America are relinquished, except for his claim to continue
receiving gold, silver and copper as gain for his business venture.
Article 3 gives Americans the right to fish the waters around the
United States and its rivers. In article 4 the United States
agreed to pay all bona fide debts. If you will read my other
papers on money you will understand that the financiers were
working with the king. Why else would he protect their interest
with this Treaty?
I wonder if you have seen the main and obvious point? This
Treaty was signed in 1783, the war was over in 1781. If the United
States defeated England, how is the king granting rights to
America, when we were now his equal in status? We supposedly
defeated him in the Revolutionary War! So why would these supposed
patriot Americans sign such a Treaty, when they knew that this
would void any sovereignty gained by the Declaration of
Independence and the Revolutionary War? If we had won the
Revolutionary War, the king granting us our land would not be
necessary, it would have been ours by his loss of the Revolutionary
War. To not dictate the terms of a peace treaty in a position of
strength after winning a war; means the war was never won. Think of
other wars we have won, such as when we defeated Japan. Did
McArther allow Japan to dictate to him the terms for surrender? No
way! All these men did is gain status and privilege granted by the
king and insure the subjection of future unaware generations.
Worst of all, they sold out those that gave their lives and
property for the chance to be free.
When Cornwallis surrendered to Washington he surrendered the
battle, not the war. Read the Article of Capitulation signed by
Cornwallis at Yorktown (footnote 3)
Jonathan Williams recorded in his book, Legions of Satan,
1781, that Cornwallis revealed to Washington during his surrender
that "a holy war will now begin on America, and when it is ended
America will be supposedly the citadel of freedom, but her millions
will unknowingly be loyal subjects to the Crown."...."in less than
two hundred years the whole nation will be working for divine world
government. That government that they believe to be divine will be
the British Empire."
All the Treaty did was remove the United States as a liability
and obligation of the king. He no longer had to ship material and
money to support his subjects and colonies. At the same time he
retained financial subjection through debt owed after the Treaty,
which is still being created today; millions of dollars a day. And
his heirs and successors are still reaping the benefit of the kings
original venture. If you will read the following quote from Title
26, you will see just one situation where the king is still
collecting a tax from those that receive a benefit from him, on
property which is purchased with the money the king supplies, at
almost the same percentage:
-CITE-
26 USC Sec. 1491
HEAD-
Sec. 1491. Imposition of tax
-STATUTE-
There is hereby imposed on the transfer of property by a
citizen or resident of the United States, or by a domestic
corporation or partnership, or by an estate or trust which is not
a foreign estate or trust, to a foreign corporation as paid-in
surplus or as a contribution to capital, or to a foreign estate or
trust, or to a foreign partnership, an excise tax equal to 35
percent of the excess of -
(1) the fair market value of the property so transferred,
over
(2) the sum of -
(A) the adjusted basis (for determining gain) of such
property in the hands of the transferor, plus
(B) the amount of the gain recognized to the transferor
at the time of the transfer.
-SOURCE-
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 365; Oct. 4, 1976, Pub. L.
94-455, title X, Sec. 1015(a), 90 Stat. 1617; Nov. 6, 1978,
Pub. L.
95-600, title VII, Sec. 701(u)(14)(A), 92 Stat. 2919.)
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
1978 - Pub. L. 95-600 substituted 'estate or trust' for
'trust' wherever appearing.
1976 - Pub. L. 94-455 substituted in provisions preceding
par.
(1) 'property' for 'stocks and securities' and '35 percent'
for '27 1/2 percent' and in par.
(1) 'fair market value' for 'value' and 'property' for
'stocks and securities' and in par.
(2) designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added
subpar. (B).
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT
Section 701(u)(14)(C) of Pub. L. 95-600 provided that: 'The
amendments made by this paragraph (amending this section and
section 1492 of this title) shall apply to transfers after
October 2, 1975.'
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT
Section 1015(d) of Pub. L. 94-455 provided that: 'The
amendments made by this section (enacting section 1057 of
this title, amending this section and section 1492 of this
title, and renumbering former section 1057 as 1058 of this
title) shall apply to transfers of property after October 2,
1975.'
A new war was declared when the Treaty was signed. The king
wanted his land back and he knew he would be able to regain his
property for his heirs with the help of his world financiers. Here
is a quote from the king speaking to Parliament after the
Revolutionary War had concluded.
(Six weeks after) the capitulation of Yorktown, the king of
Great Britain, in his speech to Parliament (Nov. 27, 1781),
declared "That he should not answer the trust committed to the
sovereign of a free people, if he consented to sacrifice either to
his own desire of peace, or to their temporary ease and relief,
those essential rights and permanent interests, upon the
maintenance and preservation of which the future strength and
security of the country must forever depend." The determined
language of this speech, pointing to the continuance of the
American war, was echoed back by a majority of both Lords and
Commons.
In a few days after (Dec. 12), it was moved in the House of
Commons that a resolution should be adopted declaring it to be
their opinion "That all farther attempts to reduce the Americans to
obedience by force would be ineffectual, and injurious to the true
interests of Great Britain." The rest of the debate can be found
in (footnote 4). What were the true interests of the king? The
gold, silver and copper.
The new war was to be fought without Americans being aware
that a war was even being waged, it was to be fought by subterfuge
and key personnel being placed in key positions. The first two
parts of "A Country Defeated In Victory," go into detail about how
this was done and exposes some of the main players.
Every time you pay a tax you are transferring your labor to
the king, and his heirs and successors are still receiving interest
from the original American Charters.
The following is the definition of tribute (tax).
"A contribution which is raised by a prince or sovereign from
his subjects to sustain the expenses of the state.
A sum of money paid by an inferior sovereign or state to a
superior potentate, to secure the friendship or protection of the
latter." Blacks Law Dictionary forth ed. p. 1677
As further evidence, not that any is needed, a percentage of
taxes that are paid are to enrich the king/queen of England. For
those that study Title 26 you will recognize IMF, which means
Individual Master File, all tax payers have one. To read one you
have to be able to break their codes using file 6209, which is
about 467 pages. On your IMF you will find a blocking series,
which tells you what type of tax you are paying. You will probably
find a 300-399 blocking series, which 6209 says is reserved. You
then look up the BMF 300-399, which is the Business Master File in
6209. You would have seen prior to 1991, this was U.S.-U.K. Tax
Claims, non-refile DLN. Meaning everyone is considered a business
and involved in commerce and you are being held liable for a tax
via a treaty between the U.S. and the U.K., payable to the U.K..
The form that is supposed to be used for this is form 8288, FIRPTA
- Foreign Investment Real Property Tax Account, you won't find many
people using this form, just the 1040 form. The 8288 form can be
found in the Law Enforcement Manual of the IRS, chapter 3. If you
will check the OMB's paper - Office of Management and Budget, in
the Department of Treasury, List of Active Information Collections,
Approved Under Paperwork Reduction Act, you will find this form
under OMB number 1545-0902, which says U.S. withholding tax-return
for dispositions by foreign persons of U.S. real property
interests-statement of withholding on dispositions, by foreign
persons, of U.S. Form #8288 #8288a
These codes have since been changed to read as follows; IMF
300-309, Barred Assement, CP 55 generated valid for MFT-30, which
is the code for 1040 form. IMF 310-399 reserved, the BMF 300-309
reads the same as IMF 300-309. BMF 390-399 reads U.S./U.K. Tax
Treaty Claims. The long and short of it is nothing changed, the
government just made it plainer, the 1040 is the payment of a
foreign tax to the king/queen of England. We have been in
financial servitude since the Treaty of 1783.
Another Treaty between England and the United States was Jay's
Treaty of 1794 (footnote 5). If you will remember from the Paris
Treaty of 1783, John Jay Esqr. was one of the negotiators of the
Treaty. In 1794 he negotiated another Treaty with Britain. There
was great controversy among the American people about this Treaty.
In Article 2 you will see the king is still on land that was
supposed to be ceded to the United States at the Paris Treaty.
This is 13 years after America supposedly won the Revolutionary
War. I guess someone forgot to tell the king of England. In
Article 6, the king is still dictating terms to the United States
concerning the collection of debt and damages, the British
government and World Bankers claimed we owe. In Article 12 we find
the king dictating terms again, this time concerning where and with
who the United States could trade. In Article 18 the United States
agrees to a wide variety of material that would be subject to
confiscation if Britain found said material going to its enemies
ports. Who won the Revolutionary War?
That's right, we were conned by some of our early fore fathers
into believing that we are free and sovereign people, when in fact
we had the same status as before the Revolutionary War. I say had,
because our status is far worse now than then. I'll explain.
Early on in our history the king was satisfied with the
interest made by the Bank of the United States. But when the Bank
Charter was canceled in 1811 it was time to gain control of the
government, in order to shape government policy and public policy.
Have you never asked yourself why the British, after burning the
White House and all our early records during the War of 1812, left
and did not take over the government. The reason they did, was to
remove the greatest barrier to their plans for this country. That
barrier was the newly adopted 13th Amendment to the United States
Constitution. The purpose for this Amendment was to stop anyone
from serving in the government who was receiving a Title of
nobility or honor. It was and is obvious that these government
employees would be loyal to the granter of the Title of nobility or
honor.
The War of 1812 served several purposes. It delayed the
passage of the 13th Amendment by Virginia, allowed the British to
destroy the evidence of the first 12 states ratification of this
Amendment, and it increased the national debt, which would coerce
the Congress to reestablish the Bank Charter in 1816 after the
Treaty of Ghent was ratified by the Senate in 1815.
Forgotten Amendment
The Articles of Confederation, Article VI states: "nor shall
the united States in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any
Title of nobility."
The Constitution for the united States, in Article, I Section
9, clause 8 states: "No Title of nobility shall be granted by the
united States; and no Person holding any Office or Profit or Trust
under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of
any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever,
from any King, Prince, or foreign State."
Also, Section 10, clause 1 states, "No State shall enter into
any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque or
Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but Gold
and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of
Attainder, ex post facto of Law impairing the Obligation of
Contracts, or grant any Title of nobility."
There was however, no measurable penalty for violation of the
above Sections, Congress saw this as a great threat to the freedom
of Americans, and our Republican form of government. In January
1810 Senator Reed proposed the Thirteenth Amendment, and on April
26, 1810 was passed by the Senate 26 to 1 (1st-2nd session, p. 670)
and by the House 87 to 3 on May 1, 1810 (2nd session, p. 2050) and
submitted to the seventeen states for ratification. The Amendment
reads as follows:
"If any citizen of the United States shall Accept, claim,
receive or retain any title of nobility or honor, or shall, without
the consent of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension,
office or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king,
prince or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of
the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of
trust or profit under them, or either of them."
From An "American Dictionary of the English Language, 1st
Edition," Noah Webster, (1828) defines nobility as: "3. The
qualities which constitute distinction of rank in civil society,
according to the customs or laws of the country; that eminence or
dignity which a man derives from birth or title conferred, and
which places him in an order above common men."; and, "4. The
persons collectively who enjoy rank above commoners; the peerage."
The fore-mentioned Sections in the Constitution for the united
States, and the above proposed Thirteenth Amendment sought to
prohibit the above definition, which would give any advantage or
privilege to some citizens an unequal opportunity to achieve or
exercise political power. Thirteen of the seventeen states listed
below understood the importance of this Amendment.
Date admitted Date voted for Date voted against
to the Union the Amendment the Amendment
1788 Maryland Dec. 25, 1810
1792 Kentucky Jan. 31, 1811
1803 Ohio Jan. 31, 1811
1787 Delaware Feb. 2, 1811
1787 Pennsylvania Feb. 6, 1811
1787 New Jersey Feb. 13, 1811
1791 Vermont Oct. 24, 1811
1796 Tennessee Nov. 21, 1811
1788 Georgia Dec. 13, 1811
1789 North Carolina Dec. 23, 1811
1788 Massachusetts Feb. 27, 1812
1788 New Hampshire Dec. 10, 1812
1788 Virginia March 12, 1819
1788 New York March 12, 1811
1788 Connecticut May 1813
1788 South Carolina December 7, 1813
1790 Rhode Island September 15, 1814
On March 10, 1819, the Virginia legislature passed Act No. 280
(Virginia Archives of Richmond, "misc." file, p. 299 for micro-
film):
"Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that there shall be
published an edition of the laws of this Commonwealth in which
shall be contained the following matters, that is to say: the
Constitution of the united States and the amendments thereto..."
The official day of ratification was March 12, 1819, this was
the date of re-publication of the Virginia Civil Code. Virginia
ordered 4,000 copies, almost triple their usual order. Word of
Virginia's 1819 ratification spread throughout the states and both
Rhode Island and Kentucky published the new Amendment in 1822.
Ohio published the new Amendment in 1824. Maine ordered 10,000
copies of the Constitution with the new Amendment to be printed for
use in the public schools, and again in 1831 for their Census
Edition. Indiana published the new Amendment in the Indiana
Revised Laws, of 1831 on P. 20. The Northwest Territories
published the new Amendment in 1833; Ohio published the new
Amendment again in 1831 and in 1833. Connecticut, one of the
states that voted against the new Amendment published the new
Amendment in 1835. Wisconsin Territory published the new Amendment
in 1839; Iowa Territory published the new Amendment in 1843; Ohio
published the new Amendment again, in 1848; Kansas published the
new Amendment in 1855; and Nebraska Territory published the new
Amendment six years in a row from 1855 to 1860. Colorado Territory
published the new Amendment in 1865 and again 1867, in the 1867
printing, the present Thirteenth Amendment (slavery Amendment) was
listed as the Fourteenth Amendment. The repeated reprinting of the
Amended united States Constitution is conclusive evidence of its
passage.
Also, as evidence of the new Thirteenth Amendments impending
passage; on December 2, 1817 John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of
State, wrote to Buck (an attorney) regarding the position Buck had
been assigned. The letter reads:
"...if it should be the opinion of this Government that the
acceptance on your part of the Commission under which it was
granted did not interfere with your citizenship.
It is the opinion of the Executive that under the 13th
amendment to the constitution by the acceptance of such an
appointment from any foreign Government, a citizen of the United
States ceases to enjoy that character, and becomes incapable of
holding any office of trust or profit under the United States or
either of them... J.Q.A.
By virtue of these titles and honors, and special privileges,
lawyers have assumed political and economic advantages over the
majority of citizens. A majority may vote, but only a minority
(lawyers) may run for political office.
After the War of 1812 was concluded the Treaty of Ghent was
signed and ratified (footnote 6). In Article 4 of the Treaty, the
United States gained what was already given in the Treaty of Paris
1783, namely islands off the U.S. Coast. Also, two men were to be
given the power to decide the borders and disagreements, if they
could not, the power was to be given to an outside sovereign power
and their decision was final and considered conclusive. In Article
9 it is admitted there are citizens and subjects in America. As
you have seen, the two terms are interchangeable, synonymous. In
Article 10 you will see where the idea for the overthrow of this
country came from and on what issue. The issue raised by England
was slavery and it was nurtured by the king's emissaries behind the
scenes. This would finally lead to the Civil War, even though the
Supreme Court had declared the states and their citizens property
rights could not be infringed on by the United States government or
Congress. This was further declared by the following Presidential
quotes, where they declared to violate the states rights would
violate the U.S. Constitution. Also, history shows that slavery
would not have existed much longer in the Southern states, public
sentiment was changing and slavery was quickly disappearing. The
Civil War was about destroying property rights and the U.S.
Constitution which supported these rights. Read the following
quotes of Presidents just before the Civil War:
"I believe that involuntary servitude, as it exists in
different States of this Confederacy, is recognized by the
Constitution. I believe that it stands like any other admitted
right, and that the States were it exists are entitled to efficient
remedies to enforce the constitutional provisions." Franklin
Pierce Inaugural Address, March 4, 1853 - Messages and Papers of
the Presidents, vol. 5.
"The whole Territorial question being thus settled upon the
principle of popular sovereignty-a principle as ancient as free
government itself-everything of a practical nature has been
decided. No other question remains for adjustment, because all
agree that under the Constitution slavery in the States is beyond
the reach of any human power except that of the respective States
themselves wherein it exists." James Buchanan Inaugural Address,
March 4, 1857 - Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 5.
"I cordially congratulate you upon the final settlement by the
Supreme Court of the United States of the question of slavery in
the Territories, which had presented an aspect so truly formidable
at the commencement of my Administration. The right has been
established of every citizen to take his property of any kind,
including slaves, into the common Territories belonging equally to
all the States of the Confederacy, and to have it protected there
under the Federal Constitution. Neither Congress nor a Territorial
legislature nor any human power has any authority to annul or
impair this vested right. The supreme judicial tribunal of the
country, which is a coordinate branch of the Government, has
sanctioned and affirmed these principles of constitutional law, so
manifestly just in themselves and so well calculated to promote
peace and harmony among the States." James Buchanan, Third Annual
Message, December 19, 1859 - Messages and Papers of the Presidents,
vol. 5.
So there is no misunderstanding I am not rearguing slavery.
Slavery is morally wrong and contrary to God Almighty's Law. In
this divisive issue, the true attack was on our natural rights and
on the Constitution. The core of the attack was on our right to
possess allodial property. Our God given right to own property in
allodial was taken away by conquest of the Civil War. If you are
free this right cannot be taken away. The opposite of free is
slave or subject, we were allowed to believe we were free for about
70 years. Then the king said enough, and had the slavery issue
pushed to the front by the northern press, which so formed northern
public opinion, that they were willing to send their sons to die in
the Civil War.
The southern States were not fighting so much for the slave
issue, but for the right to own property, any property. These
property rights were granted by the king in the Treaty of 1783,
knowing they would soon be forfeited by the American people through
ignorance. Do you think you own your house? If you were to stop
paying taxes, federal or state, you would soon find out that you
were just being allowed to live and pay rent for this house. The
rent being the taxes to the king, who supplied the benefit of
commerce. A free man not under a monarch, democracy, dictatorship
or socialist government, but is under a republican form of
government would not and could not have his property taken. Why!
The king's tax would not and could not be levied. If the Americans
had been paying attention the first 70 years to the subterfuge and
corruption of the Constitution and government representatives,
instead of chasing the money supplied by the king, the Conquest of
this country during the Civil War could have been avoided. George
Washington had vision during the Revolutionary War, concerning the
Civil War. You need to read it. footnote 7
Civil War and The Conquest that followed
The government and press propaganda that the War was to free
the black people from slavery is ridiculous, once you understand
the Civil War Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. The black
people are just as much slaves today as before the Civil War just
as the white people are, and also we find ourselves subjects of the
king/queen of England. The only thing that changed for black
people is they changed masters and were granted a few rights, which
I might add can be taken away anytime the government chooses. Since
the 1930's the black people have been paid reparations to buy off
their silence, in other words, keep the slaves on the plantation
working. I do not say this to shock or come across as prejudiced,
because I'm not. Here's what Russell Means said, for those that
don't remember who he is, he was the father in the movie called,
"Last Of The Mohicians". Russell Means said " until the white man
is free we will never be free", the we he is referring to are the
Indians. There has never been a truer statement, however the
problem is the white people are not aware of their enslavement.
At the risk of being redundant; to set the record straight,
because Lord only knows what will be said about what I just said
regarding black people, I believe that if you are born in this
country you are equal, period. Forget the empty promises of civil
rights, what about you unalienable natural rights under God
Almighty. All Americans are feudal tenants on the land, allowed to
rent the property they live on as long as the king gets his cut.
What about self-determination, or being able to own allodial title
to property, which means the king cannot take your property for
failure to pay a tax. Which means you did not own it to begin
with. The king allows you to use the material goods and land.
Again this is financial servitude.
"The ultimate ownership of all property is in the state;
individual so-called `ownership' is only by virtue of government,
i.e., law, amounting to a mere user; and use must be in accordance
with law and subordinate to the necessities of the State." Senate
Document No. 43, "Contracts payable in Gold" written in 1933.
The king controlled the government by the time the North won
the Civil War, through the use of lawyers that called the shots
behind the scenes, just as they do now and well placed subjects in
the United States government. This would not have been possible if
not for England destroying our documents in 1812 and the covering
up of state documents of the original 13th Amendment.
According to International law, what took place when the North
conquered the South? First, you have to understand the word
"conquest" in international law. When you conquer a state you
acquire the land; and those that were subject to the conquered
state, then become subject to the conquers. The laws of the
conquered state remain in force until the conquering state wishes
to change all or part of them. At the time of conquest the laws of
the conquered state are subject to change or removal, which means
the law no longer lies with the American people through the
Constitution, but lies with the new sovereign. The Constitution no
longer carries any power of its own, but drives its power from the
new sovereign, the conqueror. The reason for this is the
Constitution derived its power from the people, when they were
defeated, so was the Constitution.
The following is the definition of Conquest:
"The acquisition of the sovereignty of a country by force of
arms, exercised by an independent power which reduces the
vanquished to submission to its empire."
"The intention of the conqueror to retain the conquered
territory is generally manifested by formal proclamation of
annexation, and when this is combined with a recognized ability to
retain the conquered territory, the transfer of sovereignty is
complete. A treaty of peace based upon the principle of uti
possidetis (q.v.) is formal recognition of conquest."
"The effects of conquest are to confer upon the conquering
state the public property of the conquered state, and to invest the
former with the rights and obligations of the latter; treaties
entered into by the conquered state with other states remain
binding upon the annexing state, and the debts of the extinct state
must be taken over by it. Conquest likewise invests the conquering
state with sovereignty over the subjects of the conquered state.
Among subjects of the conquered state are to be included persons
domiciled in the conquered territory who remain there after the
annexation. The people of the conquered state change their
allegiance but not their relations to one another." Leitensdorfer
v. Webb, 20 How. (U.S.) 176, 15 L. Ed. 891.
"After the transfer of political jurisdiction to the conqueror
the municipal laws of the territory continue in force until
abrogated by the new sovereign." American Ins. Co. v. Canter, 1
Pet. (U.S.) 511, 7 L. Ed. 242. Conquest, In international Law. -
Bouvier's Law Dictionary
What happened after the Civil War? Did not U.S. troops force
the southern states to accept the Fourteenth Amendment? The laws
of America, the Constitution were changed by the conquering
government. Why? The main part I want you to see, as I said at
the beginning of this paper, is watch the money and the commerce.
The Fourteenth Amendment says the government debt can not be
questioned. Why? Because now the king wants all the gold, silver
and copper and the land. Which can easily be done by increasing
the government debt and making the American people sureties for the
debt. This has been done by the sleight of hand of lawyers and the
bankers.
The conquering state is known as a Belligerent, read the
following quotes.
Belligerency, is International Law
"The status of de facto statehood attributed to a body of
insurgents, by which their hostilities are legalized. Before they
can be recognized as belligerents they must have some sort of
political organization and be carrying on what is international law
is regarded as legal war. There must be an armed struggle between
two political bodies, each of which exercises de facto authority
over persons within a determined territory, and commands an army
which is prepared to observe the ordinary laws of war. It is not
enough that the insurgents have an army; they must have an
organized civil authority directing the army."
"The exact point at which revolt or insurrection becomes
belligerency is often extremely difficult to determine; and
belligerents are not usually recognized by nations unless they have
some strong reason or necessity for doing so, either because the
territory where the belligerency is supposed to exist is contiguous
to their own, or because the conflict is in some way affecting
their commerce or the rights of their citizens...One of the most
serious results of recognizing belligerency is that it frees the
parent country from all responsibility for what takes place within
the insurgent lined; Dana's Wheaton, note 15, page 35." Bouvier's
Law Dictionary
Belligerent, In International Law.
"As adj. and noun. Engaged in lawful war; a state so engaged.
In plural. A body of insurgents who by reason of their temporary
organized government are regarded as conducting lawful hostilities.
Also, militia, corps of volunteers, and others, who although not
part of the regular army of the state, are regarded as lawful
combatants provided they observe the laws of war; 4 H. C. 1907,
arts, 1, 2." Bouvier's Law Dictionary
According to the International law no law has been broken.
Read the following about military occupation, notice the third
paragraph. After the Civil War, title to the land had not been
completed to the conquers, but after 1933 it was. I will address
this in a moment. In the last paragraph, it says the Commander-in-
Chief governs the conquered state. The proof that this is the case
today, is the U.S. flies the United States flag with a yellow
fringe on three sides. According to the United States Code, Title
4, Sec. 1, the U.S. flag does not have a fringe on it. The
difference being one is a Constitutional flag, and the fringed flag
is a military flag. The military flag means you are in a military
occupation and are governed by the Commander-in-Chief in his
executive capacity, not under any Constitutional authority. Read
the following.
Military Occupation
"This at most gives the invader certain partial and limited
rights of sovereignty. Until conquest, the sovereign rights of the
original owner remain intact. Conquest gives the conqueror full
rights of sovereignty and, retroactively, legalizes all acts done
by him during military occupation. Its only essential is actual
and exclusive possession, which must be effective."
"A conqueror may exercise governmental authority, but only
when in actual possession of the enemy's country; and this will be
exercised upon principles of international law; MacLeod v. U.S.,
229 U.S. 416, 33 Sup. Ct 955, 57 L. Ed. 1260."
"The occupant administers the government and may, strictly
speaking, change the municipal law, but it is considered the duty
of the occupant to make as few changes in the ordinary
administration of the laws as possible, though he may proclaim
martial law if necessary. He may occupy public land and buildings;
he cannot alienate them so as to pass a good title, but a
subsequent conquest would probably complete the title..."
"Private lands and houses are usually exempt. Private movable
property is exempt, though subject to contributions and
requisitions. The former are payments of money, to be levied only
by the commander-in-chief...Military necessity may require the
destruction of private property, and hostile acts of communities or
individuals may be punished in the same way. Property may be
liable to seizure as booty on the field of battle, or when a town
refuses to capitulate and is carried by assault. When military
occupation ceases, the state of things which existed previously is
restored under the fiction of postliminium (q.v.)"
"Territory acquired by war must, necessarily, be governed, in
the first instance, by military power under the direction of the
president, as commander-in-chief. Civil government can only be put
in operation by the action of the appropriate political department
of the government, at such time and in such degree as it may
determine. It must take effect either by the action of the treaty-
making power, or by that of congress. So long as congress has not
incorporated the territory into the United States, neither military
occupation nor cession by treaty makes it domestic territory, in
the sense of the revenue laws. Congress may establish a temporary
government, which is not subject to all the restrictions of the
constitution. Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 21 Sup Ct. 770, 45
L. Ed. 1088, per Gray, J., concurring in the opinion of the court."
Bouvier's Law Dictionary
Paragraph 1-3 of the definition of Military Occupation
describes what took place during and after the Civil War. What
took place during the Civil War and Post Civil War has been legal
under international law. You should notice in paragraph 3, that at
the end of the Civil War, title to the land was not complete, but
the subsequent Conquest completed the title. When was the next
Conquest? 1933, when the American people were alienated by our
being declared enemies of the Conquer and by their declaring war
against all Americans. Read the following quotes and also
(footnote 8).
The following are excerpts from the Senate Report, 93rd
Congress, November 19, 1973, Special Committee On The Termination
Of The National Emergency United States Senate.
Since March 9, 1933, the United States has been in a state of
declared national emergency....Under the powers delegated by these
statutes, the President may: seize property; organize and control
the means of production; seize commodities; assign military forces
abroad; institute martial law; seize and control all transportation
and communication; regulate the operation of private enterprise;
restrict travel; and, in a plethora of particular ways, control the
lives of all American citizens.
A majority of the people of the United States have lived all
of their lives under emergency rule. For 40 years, freedoms and
governmental procedures guaranteed by the Constitution have, in
varying degrees, been abridged by laws brought into force by states
of national emergency....from, at least, the Civil War in important
ways shaped the present phenomenon of a permanent state of national
emergency.
In Title 12, in section 95b you'll find the following
codification of the emergency war powers: The actions, regulations,
rules, licenses, orders and proclamations heretofore or hereafter
taken, promulgated, made, or issued by the President of the United
States or the Secretary of the Treasury since March 4, 1933,
pursuant to the authority conferred by subsection (b) of section 5
of the Act of October 6, 1917, as amended (12 USCS, 95a), are
hereby approved and confirmed. (March 9, 1933, c. 1, Title 1, 1,
48 Stat. 1)
It is clear that the Bankrupt, defacto government of the
united States, which is operating under the War Powers Act and
Executive Orders; not the Constitution for the united States, has
in effect issued under its Admiralty Law, Letters of Marque
(piracy) to its private agencies IRS, ATF, FBI and DEA, with
further enforcement by its officers in the Courts, local police and
sheriffs, waged war against the American People and has classed
Americans as enemy aliens.
The following definition is from BOUVIER'S LAW DICTIONARY (P.
1934) of Letters of Marque, it says: "A commission granted by the
government to a private individual, to take the property of a
foreign state, or of the citizens or subjects of such state, as a
reparation for an injury committed by such state, its citizens or
subjects. The prizes so captured are divided between the owners of
the privateer, the captain, and the crew. A vessel to a friendly
port, but armed for its own defence in case of attack by an enemy,
is also called a letter of marque."
Words and Phrases, Dictionary
By the law of nations, an enemy is defined to be "one with
whom a nations at open war." When the sovereign ruler of a state
declares war against another sovereign, it is understood the whole
nation declares war against that other nation. All the subjects of
one are enemies to all the subjects of the other, and during the
existence of the war they continue enemies, in whatever country
they may happen to be, "and all persons residing within the
territory occupied by the belligerents, although they are in fact
foreigners, are liable to be treated as enemies." Grinnan v.
Edwards, 21 W.Va. 347, 357, quoting Vatt. Law.Nat.bk. 3, c. 69-71
So we find ourselves enemies in our own country and subjects
of a king that has conquered our land, with heavy taxation and no
possibility of fair representation.
The government has, through the laws of forfeiture, taken
prize and booty for the king; under the Admiralty Law and Executive
powers as declared by the Law of the Flag. None of which could
have been done with the built in protection contained in the true
Thirteenth Amendment, which has been kept from the American People.
The fraudulent Amendments and legislation that followed the Civil
War, bankrupted the American People and put the privateers
(banksters) in power, and enforced by the promise of prize and
booty to their partners in crime (government).
The following is the definition of a tyrant.
Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary defines tyrant
as follows: "1. An absolute ruler; one who seized sovereignty
illegally; a usurper. 2. a cruel oppressive ruler; a despot. 3. one
who exercises his authority in an oppressive manner, a cruel
master."
"When I see that the right and means of absolute command are
conferred on a people or upon a king, upon an aristocracy or a
democracy, a monarchy or republic, I recognize the germ of tyranny,
and I journey onwards to a land of more helpful institutions."
Alexis de Tocqueville, 1 DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA, at 250 [Arlington
House (1965)].
So we pick up with paragraph 4, which describes the taxation
under Military Occupation and that you are under Executive control
and are bound under admiralty law by the contracts we enter,
including silent contracts and by Military Occupation.
Notice the last sentence in paragraph 5, Congress may
establish a temporary government, which is not subject to all the
restrictions of the Constitution. See also Harvard Law Review -
the Insular Cases. This means you do not have a Constitutional
government, you have a military dictatorship, controlled by the
President as Commander-in-Chief. What is another way you can check
out what I am telling you? Read the following quotes.
"...[T]he United States may acquire territory by conquest or
by treaty, and may govern it through the exercise of the power of
Congress conferred by Section 3 of Article IV of the Constitu-
tion...
In exercising this power, Congress is not subject to the same
constitutional limitations, as when it is legislating for the
United States. ...And in general the guaranties of the Consti-
tution, save as they are limitations upon the exercise of executive
and legislative power when exerted for or over our insular
possessions, extend to them only as Congress, in the exercise of
its legislative power over territory belonging to the United
States, has made those guarantees applicable."
[Hooven & Allison & Co. vs Evatt, 324 U.S. 652 (1945)
"The idea prevails with some indeed, it found expression in
arguments at the bar that we have in this country substantially or
practically two national governments; one to be maintained under
the Constitution, with all its restrictions; the other to be
maintained by Congress outside and independently of that instru-
ment, by exercising such powers as other nations of the earth are
accustomed to exercise.
I take leave to say that if the principles thus announced
should ever receive the sanction of a majority of this court, a
radical and mischievous change in our system of government will be
the result. We will, in that event, pass from the era of constitu-
tional liberty guarded and protected by a written constitution into
an era of legislative absolutism.
It will be an evil day for American liberty if the theory of
a government outside of the supreme law of the land finds lodgment
in our constitutional jurisprudence. No higher duty rests upon
this court than to exert its full authority to prevent all
violation of the principles of the constitution."
[Downes vs Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)]
A Military Flag
And to further confirm and understand the significance of what
I have told you, you need to understand the fringe on the United
States flag. Read the following.
First the appearance of our flag is defined in Title 4 sec. 1.
U.S.C..
"The flag of the United States shall be thirteen horizontal
stripes, alternate red and white; and the union of the flag shall
be forty-eight stars, white in a blue field." (my note - of course
when new states are admitted, new stars are added.)
A foot note was added on page 1113 of the same section which
says: "Placing of fringe on the national flag, the dimensions of
the flag, and arrangement of the stars are matters of detail not
controlled by statute, but within the discretion of the President
as commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy." 1925, 34 Op.Atty.Gen.
483.
The president, as military commander, can add a yellow fringe
to our flag. When would this be done? During time of war. Why?
A flag with a fringe is an ensign, a military flag. Read the
following.
"Pursuant to U.S.C. Chapter 1, 2, and 3; Executive Order No.
10834, August 21, 1959, 24 F.R. 6865, a military flag is a flag
that resembles the regular flag of the United States, except that
it has a YELLOW FRINGE, bordered on three sides. The President of
the United states designates this deviation from the regular flag,
by executive order, and in his capacity as COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF of
the Armed forces."
From the National Encyclopedia, Volume 4:
"Flag, an emblem of a nation; usually made of cloth and flown
from a staff. From a military standpoint flags are of two general
classes, those flown from stationary masts over army posts, and
those carried by troops in formation. The former are referred to
by the general name flags. The latter are called colors when
carried by dismounted troops. Colors and Standards are more nearly
square than flags and are made of silk with a knotted Fringe of
Yellow on three sides...use of the flag. The most general and
appropriate use of the flag is as a symbol of authority and power."
"...The agency of the master is devolved upon him by the law
of the flag. The same law that confers his authority ascertains
its limits, and the flag at the mast-head is notice to all the
world of the extent of such power to bind the owners or freighters
by his act. The foreigner who deals with this agent has notice of
that law, and, if he be bound by it, there is not injustice. His
notice is the national flag which is hoisted on every sea and under
which the master sails into every port, and every circumstance that
connects him with the vessel isolates that vessel in the eyes of
the world, and demonstrates his relation to the owners and
freighters as their agent for a specific purpose and with power
well defined under the national maritime law." Bouvier's Law
Dictionary, 1914.
Don't be thrown by the fact they are talking about the sea,
and that it doesn't apply to land. Admiralty law came on land in
1845 with the Act of 1845 by Congress. Next a court case:
"Pursuant to the "Law of the Flag", a military flag does
result in jurisdictional implication when flown. The Plaintiff
cites the following: "Under what is called international law, the
law of the flag, a shipowner who sends his vessel into a foreign
port gives notice by his flag to all who enter into contracts with
the shipmaster that he intends the law of the flag to regulate
those contracts with the shipmaster that he either submit to its
operation or not contract with him or his agent at all." Ruhstrat
v. People, 57 N.E. 41, 45, 185 ILL. 133, 49 LRA 181, 76 AM.
I have had debates with folks that take great issue with what
I have said, they dogmatically say the constitution is the law and
the government is outside the law. I wish they were right, but
they fail to see or understand that the American people have been
conquered, unknowingly, but conquered all the same. That is why a
judge will tell you not to bring the Constitution into his court,
or a law dictionary, because he is the law, not the Constitution.
You have only to read the previous Senates report on National
Emergency, to understand the Constitution and our Constitutional
form of government no longer exists.
Further Evidence
Social Security
I fail to understand how the American people could have been
so dumbed down as to not see that the Social Security system is
fraudulent and that it is based on socialism, which is the
redistribution of wealth, right out of the communist manifesto.
The Social Security system first, is fraud, it is insolvent and was
never intended to be. It is used for a national identification
number, and a requirement to receive benefits from the conquers
(king). The Social Security system is made to look and act like
insurance, all insurance is governed by admiralty law, which is the
kings way of binding those involved with commerce with him.
"The Social Security system may be accurately described as a
form of Social Insurance, enacted pursuant to Congress' power to
"spend money in aid of the 'general welfare'," Helvering vs. Davis
[301 U.S., at 640]
"My judgment accordingly is, that policies of insurance are
within... the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United
States." Federal Judge Story, in DELOVIO VS. BOIT, 7 Federal Cases,
#3776, at page 444 (1815)
You need to know and understand what contribution means in F.I
C. A., Federal Insurance Contribution Act. Read the following
definition.
Contribution. Right of one who has discharged a common
liability to recover of another also liable, the aliquot portion
which he ought to pay or bear. Under principle of "contribution,"
a tort-feasor against whom a judgement is rendered is entitled to
recover proportional shares of judgement from other joint tort-
feasor whose negligence contributed to the injury and who were also
liable to the plaintiff. (cite omitted) The share of a loss
payable by an insure when contracts with two or more insurers cover
the same loss. The insurer's share of a loss under a coinsurance
or similar provision. The sharing of a loss or payment among
several. The act of any one or several of a number of co-debtors,
co-sureties, etc., in reimbursing one of their number who has paid
the whole debt or suffered the whole liability, each to the extent
of his proportionate share. (Blacks Law Dictionary 6th ed.)
Thereby making you obligated for the national debt. The
Social Security system is one of the contractual nexus' between you
and the king. Because you are involved in the kings commerce and
have asked voluntarily for his protection, you have accomplished
the following. You have admitted that you are equally responsible
for having caused the national debt and that you are a wrong doer,
as defined by the above legal definition. You have admitted to
being a Fourteenth Amendment citizen, who only has civil rights
granted by the king. By being a Fourteenth Amendment citizen, you
have agreed that you do not have standing in court to question the
national debt. Keep in mind this is beyond the status of our
country and people, which I covered earlier in this paper. We are
in this system of law because of the conquest of our country.
Congress has transferred its Constitutional obligation of
coining money to the federal reserve, the representatives of the
king, this began after the Civil War and the overturning of the
U.S. Constitution, as a result of CONGEST. You have used this fiat
money without objection, which is a commercial benefit, supplied by
the kings bankers. Fiat money has no real value, other than the
faith in it, and you CANNOT pay a debt with fiat money, because it
is a debt instrument. A federal reserve note is a promise to pay
and is only evidence of debt. The benefit you have received is you
are allowed to discharge your debt, which means you pass on
financial servitude to someone else. The someone else is our
children.
When you go to the grocery store and hand the clerk a fifty
dollar federal reserve note you have stolen the groceries and
passed fifty dollars of debt to the seller. Americans try to
acquire as much of this fiat money as they can. If Americans were
aware of this; it wouldn't matter to them, because they don't care
if the merchandise is stolen as long as it is legal. But what
happens if the system fails? Those with the most fiat money or
real property, which was obtained with fiat money will be forfeited
to the king, everything that was obtained with this fiat money
reverts back to the king temporary, I will explain in the
conclusion of this paper. Because use of his fiat money is a
benefit, supplied by the king's bankers; it all transfers back to
the king. The king's claim to the increase in this country comes
from the original Charter of 1606. But, it is all hidden, black is
white and white is black, wealth is actually debt and financial
slavery.
For those that do not have a Social Security number or think
they have rescinded it, you are no better off. As far as the king
is concerned you are subject to him also. Why? Well, just to list
a couple of reasons other than conquest. You use his money and as
I said before, this is discharging debt, without prosecution. You
use the goods and services that were obtained by this fiat money,
to enrich your life style and sustain yourself. You drive or
travel, which ever definition you want to use, on the king's
highways and roads for pleasure and to earn a living; meaning you
are involved in the king's commerce. On top of these reasons which
are based on received benefits, this country HAS BEEN CONQUERED!
I know a lot of patriots won't like this. Your (our) argument
has been that the government has and is operating outside of the
law (United States Constitution). Believe me I don't like sounding
like the devils advocate, but as far as international law goes; and
the laws that govern War between countries, the king/queen of
England rule this country, first by financial servitude and then by
actual Conquest and Military Occupation. The Civil War was the
beginning of the Conquest, as evidenced by the Fourteenth
Amendment. This Amendment did several things, as already
mentioned. It created the only citizenship available to the
conquered and declared that these citizens had no standing in any
court to challenge the monetary policies of the new government.
Why? So the king would always receive his gain from his Commercial
venture. The Amendment also eliminated your use of natural rights
and gave the Conquered civil rights. The Conquered are governed by
public policy, instead of Republic of self-government under God
Almighty. Your argument that this can't be, is frivolous and
without merit, the evidence is conclusive.
Nothing has changed since before the Revolutionary War.
All persons whose activities in King's Commerce are such that
they fall under this marine-like environment, are into an invisible
Admiralty Jurisdiction Contract. Admiralty Jurisdiction is the
KING'S COMMERCE of the High Seas, and if the King is a party to the
sea-based Commerce (such as by the King having financed your ship,
or the ship is carrying the King's guns), then that Commerce is
properly governed by the special rules applicable to Admiralty
Jurisdiction. But as for that slice of Commerce going on out on
the High Seas without the King as a party, that Commerce is called
Maritime Jurisdiction, and so Maritime is the private Commerce that
transpires in a marine environment. At least, that distinction
between Admiralty and Maritime is the way things once were, but no
more. George Mercier, Invisible Contracts, 1984.
What Lincoln and Jefferson said about the true American danger
was very prophetic.
"All the armies of Europe, Asia and Africa combined could
not, by force, take a drink from the Ohio, or make a track on the
Blue Ridge in a trial of a thousand years. At what point then is
the approach of danger to be expected? I answer, if it ever reach
us it must spring up amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If
destruction be our lot, we ourselves must be its author and
finisher. Abraham Lincoln
"Our rulers will become corrupt, our people careless... the
time for fixing every essential right on a legal basis is [now]
while our rulers are honest, and ourselves united. From the
conclusion of this war we shall be going downhill. It will not
then be necessary to resort every moment to the people for support.
They will be forgotten, therefore, and their rights disregarded.
They will forget themselves, but in the sole faculty of making
money, and will never think of uniting to effect a due respect for
their rights. The shackles, therefore, which shall not be knocked
off at the conclusion of this war, will remain on us long, will be
made heavier and heavier, till our rights shall revive or expire in
a convulsion. Thomas Jefferson
Below are the political platforms of the Democrats and the
Republicans, as you can see there is no difference between the two,
plain socialism. They are both leading America to a World
government, just as Cornwallis said, and that government will be
the British empire or promoted by the British.
"We have built foundations for the security of those who are
faced with the hazards of unemployment and old age; for the
orphaned, the crippled, and the blind. On the foundation of the
Social Security Act we are determined to erect a structure of
economic security for all our people, making sure that this benefit
shall keep step with the ever increasing capacity of America to
provide a high standard of living for all its citizens." DEMOCRATIC
PARTY PLATFORM OF 1936, at page 360, infra.
"Real security will be possible only when our productive
capacity is sufficient to furnish a decent standard of living for
all American families and to provide a surplus for future needs and
contingencies. For the attainment of that ultimate objective, we
look to the energy, self-reliance and character of our people, and
to our system of free enterprise.
"Society has an obligation to promote the security of the
people, by affording some measure of protection against involuntary
unemployment and dependency in old age. The NEW DEAL policies,
while purporting to provide social security, have, in fact,
endangered it.
"We propose a system of old age security, based upon the
following principles:
1. We approve a PAY AS YOU GO policy, which requires of
each generation the support of the aged and the determination of
what is just and adequate.
2. Every American citizen over 65 should receive a
supplemental payment necessary to provide a minimum income
sufficient to protect him or her from want.
3. Each state and territory, upon complying with simple
and general minimum standards, should receive from the Federal
Government a graduated contribution in proportion to its own, up to
a fixed maximum.
4. To make this program consistent with sound fiscal
policy the Federal revenues for this purpose must be provided from
the proceeds of a direct tax widely distributed. All will be
benefitted and all should contribute.
"We propose to encourage adoption by the states and
territories of honest and practical measures for meeting the
problems of employment insurance.
"The unemployment insurance and old age annuity of the present
Social Security Act are unworkable and deny benefits to about
two-thirds of our adult population, including professional men and
women and all engaged in agriculture and domestic service, and the
self-employed, while imposing heavy tax burdens upon all."
- REPUBLICAN PARTY PLATFORM OF 1936, at page 366.
Both PLATFORMS appear in NATIONAL PARTY PLATFORMS -- 1840 TO 1972;
compiled by Ronald Miller [University of Illinois Press, Urbana,
Illinois (1973)
CONCLUSION
Jesus gave us the most profound warning and advise of all
time, Hosea 4:6 "My people are destroyed by a lack of knowledge."
This being our understanding and spiritual development in His Word.
When applied to the many facets of life, His Word exposes all of
life's pit falls. Jesus Christ's Word covers all aspects of life.
The working class during the 1700's were far more educated
than now, but this was still not enough to protect them from the
secret subterfuge practiced by the lawyers and bankers. Only with
understanding of Jesus Christ's Word, can the evil application of
man's law be exposed and understood for what it is. This is why
Jesus Christ also warned of the beguilement of the lawyers and the
deceit and deception they practice.
Another reason, the working class have been unable to
understand their enslavement, is because of the time spent working
for a living. At wages supplied by the upper class, sufficient to
live and even prosper, but never enough to attain upper class
status. This is basic class warfare. This system is protected by
the upper class controlling public education, to limit and focus
the working class's knowledge, to maintain class separation.
What does this have to do with this paper? Everything! This
is the reason our upper class fore fathers submitted to the king in
the Treaty of 1783. After this Treaty and up to the Civil War, the
working class were busy making this the greatest Country in the
history of the world. You see they believed they were free, a
freeman will work much harder than a man that is subject or a
slave. As a whole, the working class were not paying attention to
what the government was doing, including its Treaties and laws.
This allowed time for the banking procedures and laws to be put in
place over time, while the nation slept, so the nation could be
conquered during the Civil War. The only way to regain this county
is with the re-education of the working class, so they can make
informed decisions and vote the mis-managers of our government out
of office. We could then reverse the post Civil War socialist laws
and the one world government laws, that have been gradually put in
place since the Civil War. Until the defeat of America is
recognized, victory will never be attainable. Only through
reliance by faith on Jesus Christ and the teaching of His Kingdom
will we realize our freedom. As I said earlier, just as this
Country has been conquered, when Jesus Christ returns he conquers
all nations and takes possession of His Kingdom and rules them with
a rod of iron (Rev. 11:15-18). His right of ownership is enforced
by THE LAW, God Almighty.
The preceding 11214 words are not to be changed or altered in any
way, exept by permission of the author, James Montgomery. I can be
reached through Knowledge is Freedom BBS.
"...And to preserve their independence, we must not let our
rulers load us with perpetual debt. We must make our election
between economy and liberty or profusion and servitude. If we run
into such debts as that we must be taxed in our meat and in our
drink, in our necessaries and our comforts, in our labors and our
amusements, for our callings and our creeds, as the people of
England are, our people, like them, must come to labor sixteen
hours in the twenty-four, and give the earnings of fifteen of these
to the government for their debts and daily expenses; and the
sixteenth being insufficient to afford us bread, we must live, as
they now do, on oatmeal and potatoes; have not time to think, no
means of calling the mismanager's to account; but be glad to obtain
subsistence by hiring ourselves to rivet their chains on the necks
of our fellow sufferers..."
(Thomas Jefferson) THE MAKING OF AMERICA, p. 395
FOOTNOTES
Footnote 1
FIRST CHARTER OF VIRGINIA
(1606)
[This charter, granted by King James I. on April 10,
1606, to the oldest of the English colonies in America, is a
typical example of the documents issued by the British government,
authorizing
"Adventurers" to establish plantations in the New world. The
name "Virginia" was at that time applied to all that part of North
America claimed by Great Britain.]
I JAMES, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland,
France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. WHEREAS our loving
and well-disposed Subjects, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George
Somers, Knights, Richard Hackluit, Prebendary of Westminster, and
Edward-Maria Wingfield, Thomas Hanham, and Ralegh Gilbert, Esqrs.
William Parker, and George Popham, Gentlemen, and divers others of
our loving Subjects, have been humble Suitors unto us, that We
would vouchsafe unto them our License (authors footnote: remember
a license granted by the king is a privilege), to make Habitation,
Plantation, and to deduce a Colony of sundry of our People into
that Part of America, commonly called VIRGINIA, and other Parts and
Territories in America, either appertaining unto us, or which are
not now actually possessed by any Christian Prince or People,
situate, lying, and being all along the Sea Coasts, between four
and thirty Degrees of Northerly Latitude from the Equinoctial Line,
and five and forty Degrees of the same Latitude, and in the main
Land between the same four and thirty and five and forty Degrees,
and the Islands thereunto adjacent, or within one hundred Miles of
the Coasts thereof;
II. And to that End, and for the more speedy Accomplishment
of their said intended Plantation and Habitation there, are
desirous to divide themselves into two several Colonies and
Companies; The one consisting of certain Knights, Gentlemen,
Merchants, and other Adventurers, of our City of London and
elsewhere, which are, and from time to time shall be, joined unto
them, which do desire to begin their Plantation and Habitation in
some fit and convenient Place, between four and thirty and one and
forty Degrees of the said Latitude, along the Coasts of Virginia
and Coasts of America aforesaid; And the other consisting of sundry
Knights, Gentlemen, Merchants, and other Adventurers, of our Cities
of Bristol and Exeter, and of our Town of Plimouth, and of other
Places, which do join themselves unto that Colony, which do desire
to begin their Plantation and Habitation in some fit and convenient
Place, between eight and thirty Degrees and five and forty Degrees
of the said Latitude, all alongst the said Coast of Virginia and
America, as that Coast lyeth:
III. We, greatly commending, and graciously accepting of,
their Desires for the Furtherance of so noble a Work, which may, by
the Providence of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the Glory of his
Divine Majesty, in propagating of Christian Religion to such
People, as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true
Knowledge and Worship of God, and may in time bring the Infidels
and Savages, living in those Parts, to human Civility, and to a
settled and quiet Government; DO, by these our Letters Patents,
graciously accept of, and agree to, their humble and well-intended
Desires;
IV. And do therefore, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, GRANT
and agree, that the said Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers,
Richard Hackluit, and Edward-Maria Wingfield, Adventurers of and
for our City of London, and all such others, as are, or shall be,
joined unto them of that Colony, shall be called the first Colony;
And they shall and may begin their said first Plantation and
Habitation, at any Place upon the said Coast of Virginia or
America, where they shall think fit and convenient, between the
said four and thirty and one and forty Degrees of the said
Latitude; And that they shall have all the Lands, Woods, Soil,
Grounds, Havens, Ports, Rivers, Mines, Minerals, Marshes, Waters,
Fishings, Commodities, and Hereditaments, whatsoever, from the said
first Seat of their Plantation and Habitation by the Space of fifty
Miles of English Statute Measure, all along the said Coast of
Virginia and America, towards the West and South west, as the Coast
lyeth, with all the Islands within one hundred Miles directly over
against the same Sea Coast; And also all the Lands, Soil, Grounds,
Havens, Ports, Rivers, Mines, Minerals, Woods, Waters, Marshes,
Fishings, Commodities, and Hereditaments, whatsoever, from the said
Place of their first Plantation and Habitation for the space of
fifty like English Miles all alongst the said Coast of Virginia and
America, towards the East and Northeast, or towards the North, as
the Coast lyeth, together with all the Islands within one hundred
Miles, directly over against the said Sea Coast; And also all the
Lands, Woods, Soil, Grounds, Havens, Ports, Rivers, Mines,
Minerals, Marshes,Waters, Fishings, Commodities, and Hereditaments,
whatsoever, from the same fifty Miles every way on the Sea Coast,
directly into the main Land by the Space of one hundred like
English Miles; And shall and may inhabit and remain there; and
shall and may also build and fortify within any the same, for their
better Safeguard and Defence, according to their best Discretion,
and the Discretion of the Council of that Colony; And that no other
of our Subjects shall be permitted, or suffered, to plant or
inhabit behind, or on the Backside of them, towards the main Land,
without the Express License or Consent of the Council of that
Colony, thereunto in Writing first had and obtained.
V. And we do likewise, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, by
these Presents, GRANT and agree, that the said Thomas Hanham, and
Ralegh Gilbert, William Parker, and George Popham, and all others
of the Town of Plimouth in the County of Devon, or else-where,
which are, or shall be, joined unto them of that Colony, shall be
called the second Colony; And that they shall and may begin their
said Plantation and Seat of their first Abode and Habitation, at
any Place upon the said Coast of Virginia and America, where they
shall think fit and convenient, between eight and thirty Degrees of
the said Latitude, and five and forty Degrees of the same Latitude;
And that they shall have all the Lands, Soils, Grounds, Havens,
Ports, Rivers, Mines, Minerals, Woods, Marshes, Waters, Fishings,
Commodities, and Hereditaments, whatsoever from the first Seat of
their Plantation and Habitation by the Space of fifty like English
Miles as is aforesaid, all alongst the said Coast of Virginia and
America, towards the West and Southwest, or towards the South, as
the Coast lyeth, and all the Islands within one hundred Miles,
directly over against the said Sea Coast; And also all the Lands,
Soils, Grounds, Havens, Ports, Rivers, Mines, Minerals, Woods,
Marshes, Waters, Fishings, Commodities, and Hereditaments,
whatsoever, from the said Place of their first Plantation and
Habitation for the Space of fifty like Miles, all amongst the said
Coast of Virginia and America, towards the East and Northeast, or
towards the North, as the Coast lyeth, and all the Islands also
within one hundred Miles directly over against the same Sea Coast;
And also all the Lands, Soils, Grounds, Havens, Ports, Rivers,
Woods, Mines, Minerals, Marshes, Waters, Fishings, Commodities, and
Hereditaments, whatsoever, from the same fifty Miles every way on
the Sea Coast, directly into the main Land, by the Space of one
hundred like English Miles; And shall and may inhabit and remain
there; and shall and may also build and fortify within any the
same for their better Safeguard, according to their best
Discretion, and the Discretion of the Council of that Colony; And
that none of our Subjects shall be permitted, or suffered, to plant
or inhabit behind, or on the back of them, towards the main Land,
without the express License of the Council of that Colony, in
Writing thereunto first had and obtained.
VI. Provided always, and our Will and Pleasure herein is,
that the Plantation and Habitation of such of the said Colonies, as
shall last plant themselves, as aforesaid, shall not be made within
one hundred like English Miles of the other of them, that first
began to make their Plantation, as aforesaid.
VII. And we do also ordain, establish, and agree, for Us, our
Heirs, and Successors, that each of the said Colonies shall have a
Council, which shall govern and order all Matters and Causes, which
shall arise, grow, or happen, to or within the same several
Colonies, according to such Laws, Ordinances, and Instructions, as
shall be, in that behalf, given and signed with Our Hand or Sign
Manual, and pass under the Privy Seal of our Realm of England; Each
of which Councils shall consist of thirteen Persons, to be
ordained, made, and removed, from time to time, according as shall
be directed, and comprised in the same instructions; And shall have
a several Seal, for all Matters that shall pass or concern the same
several Councils; Each of which Seals shall have the King's Arms
engraven on the one Side thereof, and his Portraiture on the other
And that the Seal for the Council of the said first Colony shall
have engraven round about, on the one side, these Words; Sigillum
Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, & Hiberniae; on the other Side
this Inscription, round about; Pro Concilio primae Coloniae
Virginiae. And the seal for the Council of the said second Colony
shall also have engraven, round about the one Side thereof, the
aforesaid Words; Sigillum Regis Magnae, Britanniae, Franciae,
& Hiberniae; and on the other Side; Pro Concilio secundae Coloniae
Virginiae:
VIII. And that also there shall be a Council established here
in England, which shall, in like Manner, consist of thirteen
Persons, to be, for that Purpose, appointed by Us, our Heirs and
Successors, which shall be called our Council of Virginia; And
shall, from time to time, have the superior Managing and Direction,
only of and for all Matters, that shall or may concern the
Government, as well of the said several Colonies, as of and for any
other Part or Place, within the aforesaid Precincts of four and
thirty and five and forty Degrees, above-mentioned; Which Council
shall, in like manner, have a Seal, for Matters concerning the
Council of Colonies, with the like Arms and Portraiture, as
aforesaid, with this Inscription, engraven round about on the one
Side; Sigillum Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, & Hiberniae; and
round about the other side, Pro Concilio suo Virginiae.
IX. And moreover, we do GRANT and agree, for Us, our Heirs and
Successors, that the said several Councils, of and for the said
several Colonies, shall and lawfully may, by Virtue hereof, from
time to time, without any Interruption of Us, our Heirs, or
Successors, give and take Order, to dig, mine, and search for all
Manner of Mines of Gold, Silver, and Copper, as well within any
part of their said several Colonies, as for the said main Lands on
the Back-side of the same Colonies; And to Have and enjoy the Gold,
Silver, and Copper, to be gotten thereof, to the Use and Behoof of
the same Colonies, and the Plantations thereof; YIELDING therefore,
to Us, our Heirs and Successors, the fifth Part only of all the
same Gold and Silver, and the fifteenth Part of all the same
Copper, so to be gotten or had, as is aforesaid, without any other
Manner or Profit or Account, to be given or yielded to Us, our
Heirs, or Successors, for or in Respect of the same:
X. And that they shall, or lawfully may, establish and cause
to be made a Coin, to pass current there between the People of
those several Colonies, for the more Ease of Traffick and
Bargaining between and amongst them and the Natives there, of such
Metal, and in such Manner and Form, as the said several Councils
there shall limit and appoint.
XI. And we do likewise, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, by
these Presents, give full Power and Authority to the said Sir
Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit, Edward-Maria
Wingfield, Thomas Hanham, Ralegh Gilbert, William Parker, and
George Popham, and to every of them, and to the said several
Companies, Plantations, and Colonies, that they, and every of them,
shall and may, at all and every time and times hereafter, have,
take, and lead in the said Voyage, and for and towards the said
several Plantations and Colonies, and to travel thitherward, and
to abide and inhabit there, in every the said Colonies and
Plantations, such and so many of our Subjects, as shall willingly
accompany them, or any of them, in the said Voyages and
Plantations; With sufficient Shipping and Furniture of Armour,
Weapons, Ordinance, Powder, Victual, and all other things,
necessary for the said Plantations, and for their Use and Defence
there: PROVIDED always, that none of the said Persons be such, as
shall hereafter be specially restrained by Us, our Heirs, or
Successors.
XII. Moreover, we do, by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs,
and Successors, GIVE AND GRANT License unto the said Sir Thomas
Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit, Edward-Maria Wingfield,
Thomas Hanham, Ralegh Gilbert, William Parker, and George Popham,
and to every of the said Colonies, that they, and every of them,
shall and may, from time to time, and at all times for ever
hereafter, for their several Defences, encounter, expulse, repel,
and resist, as well by Sea as by Land, by all Ways and Means
whatsoever, all and every such Person and Persons, as without the
especial License of the said several Colonies and Plantations,
shall attempt to inhabit within the said several Precincts and
Limits of the said several Colonies and Plantations, or any of
them, or that shall enterprise or attempt, at any time hereafter,
the Hurt, Detriment, or Annoyance, of the said several Colonies or
Plantations.
XIII. Giving and granting, by these Presents, unto the said
Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit, Edward-Maria
Wingfield, and their Associates of the said first Colony, and unto
the said Thomas Hanham, Ralegh Gilbert, William Parker, and George
Popham, and their Associates of the said second Colony, and to
every of them, from time to time, and at all times for ever
hereafter, Power and Authority to take and surprise, by all Ways
and Means whatsoever, all and every Person and Persons, with their
Ships, Vessels, Goods and other Furniture, which shall be found
trafficking, into any Harbour or Harbours, Creek or Creeks, or
Place, within the Limits or Precincts of the said several Colonies
and Plantations, not being of the same Colony, until such time, as
they, being of any Realms or Dominions under our Obedience, shall
pay, or agree to pay, to the Hands of the Treasurer of that Colony,
within whose Limits and Precincts they shall so traffick, two and
a half upon every Hundred, of any thing, so by them trafficked,
bought, or sold; And being Strangers, and not Subjects under our
Obeysance, until they shall pay five upon every Hundred, of such
Wares and Merchandise, as they shall traffick, buy, or sell, within
the Precincts of the said several Colonies, wherein they shall so
traffick, buy, or sell, as aforesaid, WHICH Sums of Money, or
Benefit, as aforesaid, for and during the Space of one and twenty
Years, next ensuing the Date hereof, shall be wholly emploied to
the Use, Benefit, and Behoof of the said several Plantations, where
such Traffick shall be made; And after the said one and twenty
Years ended, the same shall be taken to the Use of Us, our Heirs,
and Successors, by such Officers and Ministers, as by Us, our
Heirs, and Successors, shall be thereunto assigned or appointed.
XIV. And we do further, by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs,
and Successors, GIVE AND GRANT unto the said Sir Thomas Gates, Sir
George Somers, Richard Hackluit, and Edward-Maria Wingfield, and to
their Associates of the said first Colony and Plantation, and to
the said Thomas Hanham, Ralegh Gilbert, William Parker, and George
Popham, and their Associates of the said second Colony and
Plantation, that they, and every of them, by their Deputies,
Ministers and Factors, may transport the Goods, Chattels, Armour,
Munition, and Furniture, needful to be used by them, for their said
Apparel, Food, Defence, or otherwise in Respect of the said
Plantations, out of our Realms of England and Ireland, and all
other our Dominions, from time to time, for and during the Time of
seven Years, next ensuing the Date hereof, for the better Relief of
the said several Colonies and Plantations, without any Custom,
Subsidy, or other Duty, unto Us, our Heirs, or Successors, to be
yielded or paid for the same.
XV. Also we do, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, DECLARE,
by these Presents, that all and every the Persons, being our
Subjects, which shall dwell and inhabit within every or any of the
said several Colonies and Plantations, and every of their children,
which shall happen to be born within any of the Limits and
Precincts of the said several Colonies and Plantations, shall HAVE
and enjoy all Liberties, Franchises, and Immunities, within any of
our other Dominions, to all Intents and Purposes, as if they had
been abiding and born, within this our Realm of England, or any
other of our said Dominions.
XVI. Moreover, our gracious Will and Pleasure is, and we do,
by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, declare and
set forth, that if any Person or Persons, which shall be of any of
the said Colonies and Plantations, or any other, which shall
traffick to the said Colonies and Plantations, or any of them,
shall, at any time or times hereafter, transport any Wares,
Merchandises, or Commodities, out of any of our Dominions, with a
Pretence to land, sell, or otherwise dispose of the same, within
any the Limits and Precincts of any the said Colonies and
Plantations, and yet nevertheless, being at Sea, or after he hath
landed the same within any of the said Colonies and Plantations,
shall carry the same into any other Foreign Country, with a Purpose
there to sell or dispose of the same, without the License of Us,
our Heirs, and Successors, in that Behalf first had and obtained;
That then, all the Goods and Chattels of such Person or Persons, so
offending and transporting, together with the said Ship or Vessel,
wherein such Transportation was made, shall be forfeited to Us, our
Heirs, and Successors.
XVII. Provided always, and our Will and Pleasure is, and we do
hereby declare to all Christian Kings, Princes, and States, that if
any Person or Persons, which shall hereafter be of any of the said
several Colonies and Plantations, or any other, by his, their or
any of their License and Appointment, shall, at any time or times
hereafter, rob or spoil, by Sea or by Land, or do any Act of unjust
and unlawful Hostility, to any the Subjects of Us, our Heirs, or
Successors, or any the Subjects of any King, Prince, Ruler,
Governor, or State, being then in League or Amity with Us, our
Heirs, or Successors, and that upon such Injury, or upon just
Complaint of such Prince, Ruler, Governor, or State, or their
Subjects, We, our Heirs, or Successors, shall make open
Proclamation, within any of the Ports of our Realm of England,
commodious for that Purpose, That the said Person or Persons,
having committed any such Robbery or Spoil, shall, within the Term
to be limited by such Proclamations make full Restitution or
Satisfaction of all such Injuries done, so as the said Princes, or
others, so complaining, may hold themselves fully satisfied and
contented; And that, if the said Person or Persons, having
committed such Robbery or Spoil, shall not make, or cause to be
made, Satisfaction accordingly, within such Time so to be limited,
That then it shall be lawful to Us, our Heirs, and Successors, to
put the said Person or Persons, having committed such Robbery or
Spoil, and their Procurers, Abetters, or Comforters, out of our
Allegiance and Protection; And that it shall be lawful and free,
for all Princes and others, to pursue with Hostility the said
Offenders, and every of them, and their and every of their
Procurers, Aiders, Abetters, and Comforters, in that Behalf.
XVIII. And finally, we do, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors,
GRANT and agree, to and with the said Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George
Somers, Richard Hackluit, and Edward-Maria Wingfield, and all
others of the said first Colony, that We, our Heirs, and
Successors, upon Petition in that Behalf to be made, shall, by
Letters-patent under the Great Seal of England, GIVE and GRANT unto
such Persons, their Heirs, and Assigns, as the Council of that
Colony, or the most Part of them, shall, for that Purpose nominate
and assign, all the Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, which
shall be within the Precincts limited for that Colony, as is
aforesaid, TO BE HOLDEN OF US, our Heirs, and Successors, as of our
Manor at East-Greenwich in the County of Kent, in free and common
Soccage only, and not in Capite:
XIX. And do, in like Manner, Grant and Agree, for Us, our
Heirs, and Successors, to and with the said Thomas Hanham, Ralegh
Gilbert, William Parker, and George Popham, and all others of the
said second Colony, That We, our Heirs, and Successors, upon
Petition in that Behalf to be made, shall, by Letters-patent under
the Great Seal of England, GIVE and GRANT unto such Persons, their
Heirs, and Assigns, as the Council of that Colony, or the most Part
of them, shall, for that Purpose, nominate and assign, all the
Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, which shall be within the
Precincts limited for that Colony, as is aforesaid TO BE HOLDEN OF
US, our Heirs, and Successors, as of our Manour of East-Greenwich
in the County of Kent, in free and common Soccage only, and not in
Capite.
XX. All which Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, so to be
passed by the said several Letters-patent, shall be sufficient
Assurance from the said Patentees, so distributed and divided
amongst the Undertakers for the Plantation of the said several
Colonies, and such as shall make their Plantations in either of the
said several Colonies, in such Manner and Form, and for such
Estates, as shall be ordered and set down by the Council of the
said Colony, or the most Part of them, respectively, within which
the same Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments shall lye or be;
Although express Mention of the true yearly Value or Certainty of
the Premises, or any of them, or of any other Gifts or Grants, by
Us or any of our Progenitors or Predecessors, to the aforesaid Sir
Thomas Gates, Knt. Sir George Somers, Knt. Richard Hackluit,
Edward-Maria Wingfield, Thomas Hanham, Ralegh Gilbert, William
Parker, and George Popham, or any of them, heretofore made, in
these Presents, is not made; Or any Statute, Act, Ordinance, or
Provision, Proclamation, or Restraint, to the contrary hereof had,
made, ordained, or any other Thing, Cause, or Matter whatsoever, in
any wise notwithstanding. In Witness whereof we have caused these
our Letters to be made Patents; Witness Ourself at Westminster, the
tenth Day of April, in the fourth Year of our Reign of England,
France, and Ireland, and of Scotland the nine and thirtieth.
Footnote 2
THE PARIS PEACE TREATY (PEACE TREATY of 1783):
In the name of the most holy and undivided Trinity.
It having pleased the Divine Providence to dispose the hearts
of the most serene and most potent Prince George the Third, by
the grace of God, king of Great Britain, France, and Ireland,
defender of the faith, duke of Brunswick and Lunebourg, arch-
treasurer and prince elector of the Holy Roman Empire etc., and
of the United States of America, to forget all past
misunderstandings and differences that have unhappily interrupted
the good correspondence and friendship which they mutually wish to
restore, and to establish such a beneficial and satisfactory
intercourse, between the two countries upon the ground of
reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience as may promote and
secure to both perpetual peace and harmony; and having for this
desirable end already laid the foundation of peace and
reconciliation by the Provisional Articles signed at Paris on the
30th of November 1782, by the commissioners empowered on each part,
which articles were agreed to be inserted in and constitute the
Treaty of Peace proposed to be concluded between the Crown of Great
Britain and the said United States, but which Treaty was not to be
concluded until terms of peace should be agreed upon between Great
Britain and France and his Britannic Majesty should be ready to
conclude such Treaty accordingly; and the Treaty between Great
Britain and France having since been concluded, his Britannic
Majesty and the United States of America, in order to carry into
full effect the Provisional Articles above mentioned, according to
the tenor thereof, have constituted and appointed, that is to say
his Britannic Majesty on his part, David Hartley, Esqr., member of
the Parliament of Great Britain, and the said United States on
their part, John Adams, Esqr., late a commissioner of the United
States of America at the court of Versailles, late delegate in
Congress from the state of Massachusetts, and chief justice of
the said state, and minister plenipotentiary of the said United
States to their high mightinesses the States General of the
United Netherlands; Benjamin Franklin, Esqr., late delegate in
Congress from the state of Pennsylvania, president of the
convention of the said state, and minister plenipotentiary from
the United States of America at the court of Versailles; John
Jay, Esqr., late president of Congress and chief justice of the
state of New York, and minister plenipotentiary from the said
United States at the court of Madrid; to be plenipotentiaries
for the concluding and signing the present definitive Treaty;
who after having reciprocally communicated their respective
full powers have agreed upon and confirmed the following articles.
Article 1:
His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States,
viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina
and Georgia, to be free sovereign and independent states, that
he treats with them as such, and for himself, his heirs, and
successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety,
and territorial rights of the same and every part thereof.
Article 2:
And that all disputes which might arise in future on the
subject of the boundaries of the said United States may be
prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, that the following
are and shall be their boundaries, viz.; from the northwest
angle of Nova Scotia, viz., that nagle which is formed by a line
drawn due north from the source of St. Croix River to the
highlands; along the said highlands which divide those rivers
that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those
which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the northwesternmost head
of Connecticut River; thence down along the middle of that river
to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude; from thence by a
line due west on said latitude until it strikes the river
Iroquois or Cataraquy; thence along the middle of said river
into Lake Ontario; through the middle of said lake until it
strikes the communication by water between that lake and Lake
Erie; thence along the middle of said communication into Lake
Erie, through the middle of said lake until it arrives at the
water communication between that lake and Lake Huron; thence
along the middle of said water communication into Lake Huron,
thence through the middle of said lake to the water communication
between that lake and Lake Superior; thence through Lake Superior
northward of the Isles Royal and Phelipeaux to the Long Lake;
thence through the middle of said Long Lake and the water
communication between it and the Lake of the Woods, to the said
Lake of the Woods; thence through the said lake to the most
northwesternmost point thereof, and from thence on a due west
course to the river Mississippi; thence by a line to be drawn
along the middle of the said river Mississippi until it shall
intersect the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of
north latitude, South, by a line to be drawn due east from the
determination of the line last mentioned in the latitude of
thirty-one degrees of the equator, to the middle of the river
Apalachicola or Catahouche; thence along the middle thereof to
its junction with the Flint River, thence straight to the head
of Saint Mary's River; and thence down along the middle of Saint
Mary's River to the Atlantic Ocean; east, by a line to be drawn
along the middle of the river Saint Croix, from its mouth in the
Bay of Fundy to its source, and from its source directly north
to the aforesaid highlands which divide the rivers that fall
into the Atlantic Ocean from those which fall into the river
Saint Lawrence; comprehending all islands within twenty leagues
of any part of the shores of the United States, and lying
between lines to be drawn due east from the points where the
aforesaid boundaries between Nova Scotia on the one part and
East Florida on the other shall, respectively, touch the Bay
of Fundy and the Atlantic Ocean, excepting such islands as now
are or heretofore have been within the limits of the said
province of Nova Scotia.
Article 3:
It is agreed that the people of the United States shall
continue to enjoy unmolested the right to take fish of every
kind on the Grand Bank and on all the other banks of Newfoundland,
also in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and at all other places in
the sea, where the inhabitants of both countries used at any
time heretofore to fish. And also that the inhabitants of the
United States shall have liberty to take fish of every kind on
such part of the coast of Newfoundland as British fishermen shall
use, (but not to dry or cure the same on that island) and also
on the coasts, bays and creeks of all other of his Brittanic
Majesty's dominions in America; and that the American fishermen
shall have liberty to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled
bays, harbors, and creeks of Nova Scotia, Magdalen Islands, and
Labrador, so long as the same shall remain unsettled, but so soon
as the same or either of them shall be settled, it shall not be
lawful for the said fishermen to dry or cure fish at such
settlement without a previous agreement for that purpose with
the inhabitants, proprietors, or possessors of the ground.
Article 4:
It is agreed that creditors on either side shall meet with
no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full value in sterling
money of all bona fide debts heretofore contracted.
Article 5:
It is agreed that Congress shall earnestly recommend it to
the legislatures of the respective states to provide for the
restitution of all estates, rights, and properties, which have
been confiscated belonging to real British subjects; and also
of the estates, rights, and properties of persons resident in
districts in the possession on his Majesty's arms and who have
not borne arms against the said United States. And that persons
of any other description shall have free liberty to go to any part
or parts of any of the thirteen United States and therein to
remain twelve months unmolested in their endeavors to obtain the
restitution of such of their estates, rights, and properties as
may have been confiscated; and that Congress shall also earnestly
recommend to the several states a reconsideration and revision
of all acts or laws regarding the premises, so as to render the
said laws or acts perfectly consistent not only with justice and
equity but with that spirit of conciliation which on the return
of the blessings of peace should universally prevail. And that
Congress shall also earnestly recommend to the several states
that the estates, rights, and properties, of such last mentioned
persons shall be restored to them, they refunding to any persons
who may be now in possession the bona fide price (where any has
been given) which such persons may have paid on purchasing any
of the said lands, rights, or properties since the confiscation.
And it is agreed that all persons who have any interest in
confiscated lands, either by debts, marriage settlements, or
otherwise, shall meet with no lawful impediment in the prosecution
of their just rights.
Article 6:
That there shall be no future confiscations made nor any
prosecutions commenced against any person or persons for, or by
reason of, the part which he or they may have taken in the present
war, and that no person shall on that account suffer any future
loss or damage, either in his person, liberty, or property; and
that those who may be in confinement on such charges at the time
of the ratification of the Treaty in America shall be immediately
set at liberty, and the prosecutions so commenced be discontinued.
Article 7:
There shall be a firm and perpetual peace between his
Brittanic Majesty and the said states, and between the subjects
of the one and the citizens of the other, wherefore all hostilities
both by sea and land shall from henceforth cease. All prisoners
on both sides shall be set at liberty, and his Brittanic Majesty
shall with all convenient speed, and without causing any
destruction, or carrying away any Negroes or other property of
the American inhabitants, withdraw all his armies, garrisons, and
fleets from the said United States, and from every post, place,
and harbor within the same; leaving in all fortifications, the
American artilery that may be therein; and shall also order and
cause all archives, records, deeds, and papers belonging to any
of the said states, or their citizens, which in the course of
the war may have fallen into the hands of his officers, to be
forthwith restored and delivered to the proper states and
persons to whom they belong.
Article 8:
The navigation of the river Mississippi, from its source
to the ocean, shall forever remain free and open to the subjects
of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States.
Article 9:
In case it should so happen that any place or territory
belonging to Great Britain or to the United States should have
been conquered by the arms of either from the other before the
arrival of the said Provisional Articles in America, it is
agreed that the same shall be restored without difficulty and
without requiring any compensation.
Article 10:
The solemn ratifications of the present Treaty expedited in
good and due form shall be exchanged between the contracting
parties in the space of six months or sooner, if possible, to
be computed from the day of the signatures of the present Treaty.
In witness whereof we the undersigned, their ministers
plenipotentiary, have in their name and in virtue of our full
powers, signed with our hands the present definitive Treaty and
caused the seals of our arms to be affixed thereto.
Done at Paris, this third day of September in the year of
our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three.
D. HARTLEY (SEAL)
JOHN ADAMS (SEAL)
B. FRANKLIN (SEAL)
JOHN JAY (SEAL)
Source: United States, Department of State, "Treaties and Other
International Agreements of the United States of America,
1776-1949", vol 12, pp8-12
Footnote 3
ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION (1781)
Settled between his Excellency General Washington,
Commander-in-Chief of the combined Forces of America and France;
his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, Lieutenant-General of the
Armies of the King of France, Great Cross of the royal and military
Order of St. Louis, commanding the auxiliary troops of his Most
Christian Majesty in America; and his Excellency the Count de
Grasse, Lieutenant-General of the Naval Armies of his Most
Christian Majesty, Commander of the Order of St. Louis,
Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Army of France in the Chesapeake,
on the one Part; and the Right Honorable Earl Cornwallis,
Lieutenant-General of his Britannic Majesty's Forces, commanding
the Garrisons of York and Gloucester; and Thomas Symonds, Esquire,
commanding his Britannic Majesty's Naval Forces in York River in
Virginia, on the other Part.
Article I. The garrisons of York and Gloucester, including the
officers and seamen of his Britannic Majesty's ships, as well as
other mariners, to surrender themselves prisoners of war to the
combined forces of America and France. The land troops to remain
prisoners to the United States, the navy to the naval army of his
Most Christian Majesty.
Article II. The artillery, arms, accoutrements, military chest, and
public stores of every denomination, shall be delivered unimpaired
to the heads of departments appointed to receive them.
Article III. At twelve o'clock this day the two redoubts on the
left flank of York to be delivered, the one to a detachment of
American infantry, the other to a detachment of French grenadiers.
The garrison of York will march out to a place to be appointed in
front of the posts, at two o'clock precisely, with shouldered arms,
colors cased, and drums beating a British or German march. They are
then to ground their arms, and return to their encampments, where
they will remain until they are despatched to the places of their
destination. Two works on the Gloucester side will be delivered at
one o'clock to a detachment of French and American troops appointed
to possess them. The garrison will march out at three o'clock in
the afternoon; the cavalry with their swords drawn, trumpets
sounding, and the infantry in the manner prescribed for the
garrison of York. They are likewise to return to their encampments
until they can be finally marched off.
Article IV. Officers are to retain their side-arms. Both officers
and soldiers to keep their private property of every kind; and no
part of their baggage or papers to be at any time subject to search
or inspection. The baggage and papers of officers and soldiers
taken during the siege to be likewise preserved for them.
It is understood that any property obviously belonging to the
inhabitants of these States, in the possession of the garrison,
shall be subject to be reclaimed.
Article V. The soldiers to be kept in Virginia, Maryland, or
Pennsylvania, and as much by regiments as possible, and supplied
with the same rations of provisions as are allowed to soldiers in
the service of America. A field-officer from each nation, to wit,
British, Anspach, and Hessian, and other officers on parole, in the
proportion of one to fifty men to be allowed to reside near their
respective regiments, to visit them frequently, and be witnesses of
their treatment; and that their officers may receive and deliver
clothing and other necessaries for them, for which passports are to
be granted when applied for.
Article VI. The general, staff, and other officers not employed as
mentioned in the above articles, and who choose it, to be permitted
to go on parole to Europe, to New York, or to any other American
maritime posts at present in the possession of the British forces,
at their own option; and proper vessels to be granted by the Count
de Grasse to carry them under flags of truce to New York within ten
days from this date, if possible, and they to reside in a district
to be agreed upon hereafter, until they embark. The officers of the
civil department of the army and navy to be included in this
article. Passports to go by land to be granted to those to whom
vessels cannot be furnished.
Article VII. Officers to be allowed to keep soldiers as servants,
according to the common practice of the service. Servants not
soldiers are not to be considered as prisoners, and are to be
allowed to attend their masters.
Article VIII. The Bonetta sloop-of-war to be equipped, and
navigated by its present captain and crew, and left entirely at the
disposal of Lord Cornwallis from the hour that the capitulation is
signed, to receive an aid-de-camp to carry despatches to Sir Henry
Clinton; and such soldiers as he may think proper to send to New
York, to be permitted to sail without examination. When his
despatches are ready, his Lordship engages on his part, that the
ship shall be delivered to the order of the Count de Grasse, if she
escapes the dangers of the sea. That she shall not carry off any
public stores. Any part of the crew that may be deficient on her
return, and the soldiers passengers, to be accounted for on her
delivery.
Article X. The traders are to preserve their property, and to be
allowed three months to dispose of or remove them; and those
traders are not to be considered as prisoners of war.
The traders will be allowed to dispose of their effects, the allied
army having the right of preemption. The traders to be considered
as prisoners of war upon parole.
Article X. Natives or inhabitants of different parts of this
country, at present in York or Gloucester, are not to be punished
on account of having joined the British army.
This article cannot be assented to, being altogether of civil
resort.
Article XI. Proper hospitals to be furnished for the sick and
wounded. They are to be attended by their own surgeons on parole;
and they are to be furnished with medicines and stores from the
American hospitals.
The hospital stores now at York and Gloucester shall be delivered
for the use of the British sick and wounded. Passports will be
granted for procuring them further supplies from New York, as
occasion may require; and proper hospitals will be furnished for
the reception of the sick and wounded of the two garrisons.
Article XII. Wagons to be furnished to carry the baggage of the
officers attending the soldiers, and to surgeons when travelling on
account of the sick, attending the hospitals at public expense.
They are to be furnished if possible.
Article XIII. The shipping and boats in the two harbours, with all
their stores, guns, tackling, and apparel, shall be delivered up in
their present state to an officer of the navy appointed to take
possession of them, previously unloading the private property, part
of which had been on board for security during the siege.
Article XIV. No article of capitulation to be infringed on pretence
of reprisals; and if there be any doubtful expressions in it, they
are to be interpreted according to the common meaning and
acceptation of the words.
Done at Yorktown, in Virginia, October 19th, 178l.
Cornwallis, Thomas Symonds.
Done in the Trenches before Yorktown, in Virginia, October 19th,
1781.
George Washington, Le Comte de Rochambeau,
Le Comte de Barras, En mon nom & celui du Comte de Grasse.
Footnote 4
Though the debate on this subject was continued till two
o'clock in the morning, and though the opposition received
additional strength, yet the question was not carried. The same
ground of argument was soon gone over again, and the American war
underwent, for the fourth time since the beginning of the session,
a full discussion; but no resolution, disapproving its farther
prosecution, could yet obtain the assent of a majority of the
members. The advocates for peace becoming daily more numerous, it
was moved by Gen. Conway that "a humble address be presented to his
Majesty, that he will be pleased to give directions to his
ministers not to pursue any longer the impracticable object of
reducing his Majesty's revolted colonies by force to their
allegiance, by a war on the continent of America." This brought
forth a repetition of the former arguments on the subject, and
engaged the attention of the house till two o'clock in the morning.
On a division, the motion for the address was lost by a single
vote...
The ministry as well as the nation began to be sensible of the
impolicy of continental operations, but hoped that they might gain
their point, by prosecuting hostilities at sea. Every opposition
was therefore made by them against the total dereliction (i.e.,
abandonment) of a war, on the success of which they had so
repeatedly pledged themselves, and on the continuance of which they
held their places. General Conway in five days after (Feb. 27),
brought forward another motion expressed in different words, but to
the same effect with that which he had lost be a single vote. This
caused a long debate which lasted till two o'clock in the morning.
It was then moved to adjourn the debate till the 13th of March.
There appeared for the adjournment 215 and against it 234.
The original motion, and an address to the King formed upon
the resolution were then carried without division, and the address
was ordered to be presented by the whole house.
To this his majesty answered, "that in pursuance of their
advice, he would take such measures as should appear to him the
most conducive to the restoration of harmony, between Great Britain
and the revolted colonies." The thanks of the house were voted for
this answer. But the guarded language thereof, not inconsistent
with farther hostilities against America; together with other
suspicious circumstances, induced General Conway to move another
resolution, expressed in the most decisive language. This was to
the following effect that, "The house would consider as enemies to
his majesty and the country, all those who should advise or by any
means attempt the further prosecution of offensive war, on the
continent of North America, for the purpose of reducing the
colonies to obedience by force." This motion after a feeble
opposition was carried without a division, and put a period to all
that chicanery by which ministers meant to distinguish between a
prosecution of offensive war in North America, and a total
dereliction of it. This resolution and the preceding address, to
which it had reference, may be considered as the closing scene of
the American war (emphasis added).
The History of the American Revolution, Vol. 2, Ramsay, 617-9.
Footnote 5
The Jay Treaty
Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation Concluded November 19,
1794; ratification advised by the senate with amendment June 24,
1795; ratified by the President; ratifications exchanged October
28, 1795; proclaimed February 29, 1796.
I. Amity. Discrimination on vessels, imports, etc.
II. Withdrawal of forces; vessels, imports, etc. Consuls.
III. Commerce and navigation; duties. Capture or detention of
neutrals
IV. Survey of the Mississippi. Contraband.
V. St. Croix River XIX. Officers passengers
VI. Indemnification by on neutrals. United States. XX. Pirates.
VII. Indemnification by Great XXI. Commission from foreign Britain.
states.
VIII. Expenses. XXII. Reprisals.
IX. Land tenures. XXIII. Ships of war.
X. Private debts, etc. XXIV. Foreign privateers.
XI. Liberty of navigation XXV. Prizes. and commerce. XXVI.
Reciprocal treatment
XII. West India trade; duties. of citizens in war.
XIII. East India trade; duties. XXVII. Extradition.
XIV. Commerce and Navigation. XXVIII. Limitation of Article XII:
ratification.
His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, being
desirous, by a Treaty of amity, commerce and navigation, to
terminate their difference in such a manner, as, without reference
to the merits of their respective complaints and pretentions, may
be the best calculated to produce mutual satisfaction and good
understanding; and also to regulate the commerce and navigation
between their respective countries, territories and people, in such
a manner as to render the same reciprocally beneficial and
satisfactory; they have, respectively, named their
Plenipotentiaries, and given them full powers to treat of, and
conclude the said Treaty, that is to say:
His Britannic Majesty has named for his Plenipotentiary, the
Right Honorable William Wyndham Baron Grenville of Wotton, one of
His Majesty's Privy Council, and His Majesty's Principal Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs; and the President of the said United
States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof,
hath appointed for their Plenipotentiary, the Honorable John Jay,
Chief Justice of the said United States, and their Envoy
Extraordinary to His Majesty;
Who have agreed on and concluded the following articles:
ARTICLE I.
There shall be a firm, inviolable and universal peace, and a
true and sincere friendship between His Britannic Majesty, his
heirs and successors, and the United States of America; and between
their respective countries, territories, cities, towns and people
of every degree, without exception of persons or places.
ARTICLE II.
His Majesty will withdraw all his troops and garrisons from
all posts and places within the boundary lines assigned by the
Treaty of peace to the United States. This evacuation shall take
place on or before the first day of June, one thousand seven
hundred and ninety six, and all the proper measures shall in the
interval be taken by concert between the Government of the United
States and His Majesty's Governor-General in America for settling
the previous arrangements which may be necessary respecting the
delivery of the said posts: The United States in the mean time, at
their discretion, extending their settlements to any part within
the said boundary line, except within the precincts or jurisdiction
of any of the said posts. All settlers and traders, within the
precincts or jurisdiction of the said posts, shall continue to
enjoy, unmolested, all their property of every kind, and shall be
protected therein. They shall be at full liberty to remain there,
or to remove with all or any part of their effects; and it shall
also be free to them to sell their lands, houses or effects, or to
retain the property thereof, at their discretion; such of them as
shall continue to reside within the said boundary lines, shall not
be compelled to become citizens of the United States, or to take
any oath of allegiance to the Government thereof; but they shall be
at full liberty so to do if they think proper, and they shall make
and declare their election within one year after the evacuation
aforesaid. And all persons who shall continue there after the
expiration of the said year, without having declared their
intention of remaining subjects of His Britannic Majesty, shall be
considered as having elected to become citizens of the United
States.
ARTICLE III.
It is agreed that it shall at all times be free to His
Majesty's subjects, and to the citizens of the United States, and
also to the Indians dwelling on either side of the said boundary
line, freely to pass and repass by land or inland navigation, into
the respective territories and countries of the two parties, on the
continent of America, (the country within the limits of the
Hudson's Bay Company only excepted.) and to navigate all the lakes,
rivers and waters thereof, and freely to carry on trade and
commerce with each other. But it is understood that this article
does not extend to the admission of vessels of the United States
into the seaports, harbours, bays or creeks of His Majesty's said
territories; nor into such parts of the rivers in His Majesty's
said territories as are between the mouth thereof, and the highest
port of entry from the sea, except in small vessels trading bona
fide between Montreal and Quebec, under such regulations as shall
be established to prevent the possibility of any frauds in this
respect. Nor to the admission of British vessels from the sea into
the rivers of the United States, beyond the highest ports of entry
for foreign vessels from the sea. The river Mississippi shall,
however, according to the Treaty of peace, be entirely open to both
parties; and it is further agreed, that all the ports and places on
its eastern side, to whichsoever of the parties belonging, may
freely be resorted to an